ArticlePloS one2018
Sex difference in open-water swimming-The Triple Crown of Open Water Swimming 1875-2017.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex-specific differences in performance and pacing in the world's longest triathlon in history.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Freestyle master's swimming: Nationality, sex, and performance trends in World Aquatics competitions (1986-2024).PloS one · 2025Article
- Where are the fastest master butterfly swimmers competing in the FINA World Masters Championships from?EXCLI journal · 2023Article
- The beginning of success: Performance trends and cut-off values for junior and the U23 triathlon categories.Journal of exercise science and fitness · 2022Article
- Origin of the Fastest 5 km, 10 km and 25 km Open-Water Swimmers-An Analysis from 20 Years and 9819 Swimmers.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Italians Are the Fastest 3000 m Open-Water Master Swimmers in the World.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Influence of Anthropometric Characteristics on Ice Swimming Performance-The IISA Ice Mile and Ice Km.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- What Is the Best Discipline to Predict Overall Triathlon Performance? An Analysis of Sprint, Olympic, IronmanFrontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- Cut-Off Values in the Prediction of Success in Olympic Distance Triathlon.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Sex Differences in Swimming Disciplines-Can Women Outperform Men in Swimming?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Review
- The Role of Nationality in Ultra-Endurance Sports: The Paradigm of Cross-Country Skiing and Long-Distance Running.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Review
- Pacing and Performance Analysis of the World's Fastest Female Ultra-Triathlete in 5x and 10x Ironman.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- American Masters Road Running Records-The Performance Gap Between Female and Male Age Group Runners from 5 Km to 6 Days Running.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Celebrating 40 Years of Ironman: How the Champions Perform.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Evaluation of the Heart Function of Swimmers Subjected to Exhaustive Repetitive Endurance Efforts During a 500-km Relay.Frontiers in physiology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare swimming performances of successful finishers of the 'Triple Crown of Open Water Swimming' from 1875 to 2017, assessing the effects of sex, the place of event and the nationality of swimmers. Data from 535 finishers in 'Catalina Channel Swim', 1,606 finishers in 'English Channel Swim' and 774 finishers in 'Manhattan Island Marathon Swim' were analysed. We performed different analyses and regression model fittings for all swimmers and annual top-5 finishers. Effects (sex, event, time, nationality) and interaction terms (event-time) were examined through a multi-variable spline mixed regression model. Considering all swimmers, we found that (i) women were approximately 0.06 km/h faster than men (p = 0.011) and (ii) Australians were 0.13 km/h faster than Americans (p = 0.004) and Americans were 0.19 km/h faster than British (p<0.001) and 0.21 km/h faster than Canadians (p = 0.015). When considering annual top-5 finishers, we found that (i) women were 0.07 km/h slower than men (p = 0.042) and (ii) Australians were not faster than Americans (p = 0.149) but Americans were 0.21 km/h faster than British (p<0.001). Our findings improved the knowledge about swim performances over time, in the three events, considering the effects of sex and the nationality of swimmers.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.