Evidence map›Paper›PMID 30224348›Full record

ArticleDiabetes care2018

Glucose Management Indicator (GMI): A New Term for Estimating A1C From Continuous Glucose Monitoring.

Richard M Bergenstal, Roy W Beck, Kelly L Close, George Grunberger, David B Sacks, Aaron Kowalski, Adam S Brown, Lutz Heinemann, Grazia Aleppo, Donna B Ryan and 2 more

Registry-linked trialOpen access · bronzeAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Diabetes care, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06600776 (A Pilot Study Comparing the Efficacy of Dosing Ultra Rapid Insulin Lispro in a Medtronic 780G Hybrid Closed Loop System at Mealtime or Postmeal), which is not on this map. Cited by 328 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
328citing papers in PubMed, 8 pooled it
36.8field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT06600776 phase4not yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2024, after this paper: background citation

A Pilot Study Comparing the Efficacy of Dosing Ultra Rapid Insulin Lispro in a Medtronic 780G Hybrid Closed Loop System at Mealtime or Postmeal

TypeinterventionalSponsorTel-Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterRan2024 to 2025Enrolled50ConditionsType 1 Diabetes (T1D)ArmsUltra Rapid Lispro (URLi), Insulin pump with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

328 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 641 citations in OpenAlex.

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  6. Real-World Evidence of Automated Insulin Delivery System Use.Diabetes technology & therapeutics · 2024
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  7. Guideline
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268 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors at 10 institutions in 1 country.

Richard M BergenstalInternational Diabetes Center Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, MN richard.bergenstal@parknicollet.com.ORCID 0000-0002-9050-5584
Roy W BeckJaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL.ORCID 0000-0002-5194-8446
Kelly L CloseThe diaTribe Foundation, San Francisco, CA.
George GrunbergerGrunberger Diabetes Institute, Bloomfield Hills, MI.
David B SacksNational Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
Aaron KowalskiJDRF, New York, NY.ORCID 0000-0002-0979-5343
Adam S BrownClose Concerns, San Francisco, CA.
Lutz HeinemannScience Consulting in Diabetes, Neuss, Germany.
Grazia AleppoNorthwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
Donna B RyanSacred Heart and Providence Health Systems, Pensacola, FL.
Tonya D RiddlesworthJaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL.ORCID 0000-0003-4545-1668
William T CefaluAmerican Diabetes Association, Arlington, VA.
Jaeb Center for Health Research · USAmerican Diabetes Association · USBreakthrough T1D · USClose Concerns (United States) · USGrunberger Diabetes Institute · USNational Institutes of Health · USNorthwestern University · USPark Nicollet Clinic · USProvidence College · USSan Francisco Foundation · US

Funding

Home Use of MD-Logic Automated Insulin Delivery System: Safety and EfficacyUC4DK108611 · NIDDK · HEALTHPARTNERS INSTITUTE · PI BERGENSTAL, RICHARD MAURITZ, PHILLIP, MOSHE · 2015 to 2016
$8.9M
NIDDK NIH HHS UC4 DK108611
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

While A1C is well established as an important risk marker for diabetes complications, with the increasing use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to help facilitate safe and effective diabetes management, it is important to understand how CGM metrics, such as mean glucose, and A1C correlate. Estimated A1C (eA1C) is a measure converting the mean glucose from CGM or self-monitored blood glucose readings, using a formula derived from glucose readings from a population of individuals, into an estimate of a simultaneously measured laboratory A1C. Many patients and clinicians find the eA1C to be a helpful educational tool, but others are often confused or even frustrated if the eA1C and laboratory-measured A1C do not agree. In the U.S., the Food and Drug Administration determined that the nomenclature of eA1C needed to change. This led the authors to work toward a multipart solution to facilitate the retention of such a metric, which includes renaming the eA1C the glucose management indicator (GMI) and generating a new formula for converting CGM-derived mean glucose to GMI based on recent clinical trials using the most accurate CGM systems available. The final aspect of ensuring a smooth transition from the old eA1C to the new GMI is providing new CGM analyses and explanations to further understand how to interpret GMI and use it most effectively in clinical practice. This Perspective will address why a new name for eA1C was needed, why GMI was selected as the new name, how GMI is calculated, and how to understand and explain GMI if one chooses to use GMI as a tool in diabetes education or management.

Indexed as

Health Status IndicatorsTerminology as TopicBlood GlucoseBlood Glucose Self-MonitoringDiabetes MellitusGlycated HemoglobinHealth EducationHumansStatistics as TopicBlood GlucoseGlycated Hemoglobin

Identifiers

PMID30224348
PMCPMC6196826
OpenAlexW2891178783

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.