ReviewCritical reviews in microbiology2018
Human endogenous retrovirus-K (HML-2): a comprehensive review.
Review in Critical reviews in microbiology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 136 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
136 citing papers in PubMed, 216 citations in OpenAlex.
- Active Human Transposable Elements: Long-Read Sequencing Technologies, Computational Analysis, and Implications for Human Disease.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Emerging Roles in Pathogenesis, Immunity, Biomarkers and Therapeutics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- HERV-K HML-2 transcriptional profiling and splicing pattern unveiled by direct single-molecule long-read RNA sequencing.Mobile DNA · 2026Article
- Downregulation of miRNAs Accompanies Increased HERV-K (HML-2) Expression in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Article
- Retroviral Remnants in the Human Genome: Classification, Integration and Regulation.Molecular diagnosis & therapy · 2026Review
- Gammaretrovirus Infections in Humans in the Past, Present, and Future: Have We Defeated the Pathogen?Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Alterations of placental HERV expression as a result of gestational COVID-19 disease.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- G-patch proteins: important regulators of pre-mRNA splicing and ribosome biogenesis.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Oncogenic role of ERV with therapeutic potential.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Chronic Reactivation of Persistent Human Herpesviruses EBV, HHV-6 and VZV and Heightened Anti-dUTPase IgG Antibodies Are a Recurrent Hallmark in Post-Infectious ME/CFS and is Associated With Fatigue.Journal of medical virology · 2026Article
- The relationship between HERVs and exogenous viral infections: A focus on the value of HERVs in disease prediction and treatment.Virulence · 2025Review
- TE-Seq: a transposable element annotation and RNA-Seq pipeline.Mobile DNA · 2025Article
- The Role of Toll-like Receptors and Viral Infections in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension-A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Human Endogenous Retroviruses and Diseases.MedComm · 2025Review
- Strict retroelement regulation is frequently lost following cancer transformation and generates a promising reservoir of cancer biomarkers.Mobile DNA · 2025Article
- Human endogenous retrovirus ERVK3-1 characterizes a metabolically active and immunosuppressive subtype of liver cancer.Virology journal · 2025Article
- Inflammatory mitochondrial signalling and viral mimicry in cancer.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- Human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) envelope structures in pre- and postfusion by cryo-EM.Science advances · 2025Article
- Article
76 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The human genome contains a large number of retroviral elements acquired over the process of evolution, some of which are specific to primates. However, as many of these are defective or silenced through epigenetic changes, they were historically considered "junk DNA" and their potential role in human physiology or pathological circumstances have been poorly studied. The most recently acquired, human endogenous retrovirus-K (HERV-K), has multiple copies in the human genome and some of them have complete open reading frames that are transcribed and translated, especially in early embryogenesis. Phylogenetically, HERV-K is considered a supergroup of viruses. One of the subtypes, termed HML-2, seems to be the most active and hence, it is the best studied. Aberrant expression of HML-2 in adult tissues has been associated with certain types of cancer and with neurodegenerative diseases. This review discusses the discovery of these viruses, their classification, structure, regulation and potential for replication, physiological roles, and their involvement in disease pathogenesis. Finally, it presents different therapeutic approaches being considered to target these viruses.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.