ArticleCurrent opinion in physiology2018
The evolution of greater humoral immunity in females than males: implications for vaccine efficacy.
Article in Current opinion in physiology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 106 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
106 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 161 citations in OpenAlex.
- Characterization of the significant decline in humoral immune response six months post-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination: A systematic review.Journal of medical virology · 2022Pooled it
- Role of sex and gender in autoimmune thyroid diseases: mechanisms and knowledge gaps.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- Androgens protect ILC2S from functional suppression during influenza virus infection.Mucosal immunology · 2026Article
- mRNA COVID-19 vaccination induces minimal IgA in saliva in the absence of prior clinical or subclinical infection.Vaccine · 2026Article
- Female reproductive status and ecological conditions impact the magnitude of sex differences in human immune status across the lifespan.Research square · 2026Article
- Sex differences in cancer incidence persist across race and ethnicity.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Sex-based differences in mumps immunity after a third dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine.Vaccine · 2026Article
- Protein nanoparticles assemble in plants, display antigenic viral peptides, and produce an epitope-specific immune response.The FEBS journal · 2026Article
- Sex differences in immune responses to viruses, bacteria and vaccines.Nature immunology · 2026Review
- Sex matters: mechanistic insights into sex-driven patterns of autoimmunity and implications for pharmacotherapy.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Immunosenescence in Human Disease: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities.Biomolecules & therapeutics · 2026Review
- Sex hormones and gender differences in immune responses and anticancer immunity: a comprehensive review.Biologia futura · 2026Review
- ERG phase separation attenuates cellular senescence.iScience · 2026Article
- Sex and menopause-based differences in presentation of early Lyme disease: A prospective cohort study.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Updated profiling of COVID-19 vaccine adverse events using VAERS case reports.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Docosahexaenoic Acid Consumption Early in Life Improves Immune Dysfunction in High-Fat Diet-Fed Wistar Rats in a Sex-Specific Manner.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2026Article
- Tumor-directed evolution of VSVΔ51M produces novel viruses with enhanced antitumor efficacy.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2026Article
- Sex as a modifier of genetic risk for type 1 diabetes.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Review
- Optimized Kappa-Index Test Protocol to Detect Intrathecal Immunoglobulin Synthesis in Multiple Sclerosis.European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Article
46 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Males and females differ in their effector and memory immune responses to foreign and self-antigens. The difference in antibody responses (i.e., humoral immunity), in particular, is one of the most well conserved sex differences in immunology. Certain sex differences in humoral immunity are present throughout life, whereas others are only apparent after puberty and prior to reproductive senescence, suggesting that both genes and hormones are involved. Importantly, these sex-based differences in humoral immunity contribute to variation in the responses to vaccines and may explain some disparities in vaccine efficacy between the sexes. Elevated humoral immunity in females compared with males is phylogenetically well conserved, suggesting an adaptive advantage of elevated antibody for reproductive success, including for the transfer of protective antibodies to offspring.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.