Trial reportNature immunology2018
Inflammation induced by influenza virus impairs human innate immune control of pneumococcus.
Trial report in Nature immunology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 99 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
99 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 194 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparison of Respiratory Microbiomes in Influenza Versus Other Respiratory Infections: Systematic Review and Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Effect of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines on Viral Respiratory Infections: A Systematic Literature Review.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Pooled it
- The Future of Flu: A Review of the Human Challenge Model and Systems Biology for Advancement of Influenza Vaccinology.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2019Pooled it
- Streptococcus pyogenes Colonization in Children Aged 24-59 Months in the Gambia: Impact of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine and Associated Serological Responses.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2023Trial
- Effect of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on experimental carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B in Blantyre, Malawi: a randomised controlled trial and controlled human infection study.The Lancet. Microbe · 2023Trial
- Pneumococcal colonization impairs mucosal immune responses to live attenuated influenza vaccine.JCI insight · 2021Trial
- Symptoms associated with influenza vaccination and experimental human pneumococcal colonisation of the nasopharynx.Vaccine · 2020Trial
- Innate and adaptive nasal mucosal immune responses following experimental human pneumococcal colonization.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2019Trial
- Two Randomized Trials of the Effect of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine on Pneumococcal Colonization.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2019Trial
- Type I interferon signaling in hematopoietic cells impairs neutrophil antibacterial function in the middle ear during viral co-infection.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Bacterial and host factors affecting acquisition ofInfection and immunity · 2026Article
- Review
- Nasal Gene Expression in ART-Naive Adults with HIV and Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Uganda.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Bacterial and host factors affecting acquisition ofbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Integrated analysis of humoral and T-cell responses to pneumococcal vaccination in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Attenuated viral strains of priority pathogens for potential use in controlled human infection model studies: A scoping review.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Persistent pneumococcal colonisation in antiretroviral-treated HIV infection is associated with nasal inflammation.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Safety and efficacy of an intramuscular bivalent vaccine against influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in mice.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2025Article
- High Propensity for Multidrug-Resistant Pneumococcal Shedding Among Adults Living With HIV on Stable Antiretroviral Therapy in Malawi.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- (Inter)feron the Reaper: New Insights on an Old Cytokine in Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2025Article
39 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
24 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Colonization of the upper respiratory tract by pneumococcus is important both as a determinant of disease and for transmission into the population. The immunological mechanisms that contain pneumococcus during colonization are well studied in mice but remain unclear in humans. Loss of this control of pneumococcus following infection with influenza virus is associated with secondary bacterial pneumonia. We used a human challenge model with type 6B pneumococcus to show that acquisition of pneumococcus induced early degranulation of resident neutrophils and recruitment of monocytes to the nose. Monocyte function was associated with the clearance of pneumococcus. Prior nasal infection with live attenuated influenza virus induced inflammation, impaired innate immune function and altered genome-wide nasal gene responses to the carriage of pneumococcus. Levels of the cytokine CXCL10, promoted by viral infection, at the time pneumococcus was encountered were positively associated with bacterial load.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.