Trial reportCardiovascular diabetology2018
Empagliflozin on top of metformin treatment improves arterial function in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Trial report in Cardiovascular diabetology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It reports registered trial NCT03639545. Cited by 53 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effects of Empagliflozin on Functional and Structural Arterial Wall Characteristics
Open the trial in the graphWho cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 94 citations in OpenAlex.
- An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy and Safety of Metformin as Add-on Therapy to Insulin in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of SGLT-2 Inhibitors on Vascular Endothelial Function and Arterial Stiffness in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors as an add-on therapy to insulin for type 1 diabetes mellitus: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Acta diabetologica · 2021Pooled it
- Report results: Impact of whole-body resistance exercise timing on mitigating hyperglycaemia-induced vascular dysfunction in healthy adults.Experimental physiology · 2026Trial
- Empagliflozin-Metformin Combination Has Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties that Correlate with Vascular Protection in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes.Journal of diabetes research · 2022Trial
- Effects of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor empagliflozin on vascular function in patients with chronic heart failure.ESC heart failure · 2021Trial
- Trial
- Cardiometabolic risk factors, peripheral arterial tonometry and metformin in adults with type 1 diabetes participating in the REducing with MetfOrmin Vascular Adverse Lesions trial.Diabetes & vascular disease researchTrial
- Empagliflozin and Arterial Stiffness in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Real-World Case-Control StudyEndocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2026Article
- Endothelial dysfunction in chronic kidney disease: a clinical perspective.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2025Review
- SGLT2 inhibitors as a novel senotherapeutic approach.npj aging · 2025Review
- Anti-Inflammatory Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors: Focus on Macrophages.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Impact of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on pulmonary vascular cell function and arterial remodeling.World journal of cardiology · 2025Review
- Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of SGLT-2 Inhibitors on Reducing Cardiovascular and Renal Mortality, Morbidity and Inflammatory Outcomes in Various Patient Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 92 920 Patients.Clinical Medicine Insights. Cardiology · 2025Article
- Glucometabolic Efficacy of the Empagliflozin/Metformin Combination in People with Type 1 Diabetes and Increased Cardiovascular Risk: A Sub-Analysis of a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- From premature birth to premature kidney disease: does accelerated aging play a role?Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2024Review
- Empagliflozin ameliorates vascular calcification in diabetic mice through inhibiting Bhlhe40-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome activation.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2024Article
- Associations Between Arterial Stiffness and Metabolic Target in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Treated in a Modern Setting.Pediatric diabetes · 2024Article
- Vascular ageing: moving from bench towards bedside.European journal of preventive cardiology · 2023Article
- The Effect of Additional Treatment with Empagliflozin or Semaglutide on Endothelial Function and Arterial Stiffness in Subjects with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus-ENDIS Study.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDeteriorated arterial function and high incidence of cardiovascular events characterise diabetes mellitus. Metformin and recent antidiabetic drugs, SGLT2 inhibitors, reduce cardiovascular events. We explored the possible effects of empagliflozin's effect on top of metformin treatment on endothelial function and arterial stiffness parameters in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients.
methodsForty T1DM patients were randomised into three treatment groups: (1) empagliflozin (25 mg daily), (2) metformin (2000 mg daily) and (3) empagliflozin/metformin (25 mg daily and 2000 mg daily, respectively). The fourth group received placebo. Arterial function was assessed at inclusion and after 12 weeks treatment by: endothelial function [brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), reactive hyperaemia index (RHI)], arterial stiffness [pulse wave velocity (PWV) and common carotid artery stiffness (β-stiffness)]. For statistical analysis one-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni post-test was used.
resultsEmpagliflozin on top of metformin treatment significantly improved endothelial function as did metformin after 12 weeks of treatment: FMD [2.6-fold (P < 0.001) vs. 1.8-fold (P < 0.05)] and RHI [1.4-fold (P < 0.01) vs. 1.3-fold (P < 0.05)]. Empagliflozin on top of metformin treatment was superior to metformin in improving arterial stiffness parameters; it significantly improved PWV and β-stiffness compared to metformin [by 15.8% (P < 0.01) and by 36.6% (P < 0.05), respectively]. Metformin alone did not influence arterial stiffness.
conclusionEmpagliflozin on top of metformin treatment significantly improved arterial stiffness compared to metformin in T1DM patients. Endothelial function was similarly improved in all treatment groups. Empagliflozin seems to possess a specific capacity to decrease arterial stiffness, which could support its cardioprotective effects observed in large clinical studies. Trial registration Clinical trial registration: NCT03639545.
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