ArticleJournal of neurotrauma2019
Sexual Dimorphism of Pain Control: Analgesic Effects of Pioglitazone and Azithromycin in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury.
Article in Journal of neurotrauma, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Proteomics reveal PTEN as a critical mediator of sustained mitochondrial dysfunction during chronic spinal cord injury.Experimental neurology · 2026Article
- Glial Modulator Antibiotics for Neuropathic Pain: Current Insights and Future Directions.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Cross-species comparisons between pigs and mice reveal conserved sex-specific intraspinal inflammatory responses after spinal cord injury.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Neuropeptide Y Y2 Receptors in Sensory Neurons Tonically Suppress Nociception and Itch but Facilitate Postsurgical and Neuropathic Pain Hypersensitivity.Anesthesiology · 2024Article
- Effects of Acute Ethanol Intoxication on Spinal Cord Injury Outcomes in Female Mice.Journal of neurotrauma · 2023Article
- Sexually dimorphic extracellular vesicle responses after chronic spinal cord injury are associated with neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the aged brain.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2023Article
- Spinal cord injury in mice amplifies anxiety: A novel light-heat conflict test exposes increased salience of anxiety over heat.Experimental neurology · 2023Article
- Challenges in Translating Regenerative Therapies for Spinal Cord Injury.Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation · 2023Article
- Decreased PPARgamma in the trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis due to neonatal injury contributes to incision-induced mechanical allodynia in female rats.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- A compendium of validated pain genes.WIREs mechanisms of disease · 2022Review
- Advanced Age and Neurotrauma Diminish Glutathione and Impair Antioxidant Defense after Spinal Cord Injury.Journal of neurotrauma · 2022Article
- Sexual dimorphism in neurological function after SCI is associated with disrupted neuroinflammation in both injured spinal cord and brain.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2022Article
- The PPARγ agonist pioglitazone produces a female-predominant inhibition of hyperalgesia associated with surgical incision, peripheral nerve injury, and painful diabetic neuropathy.Neuropharmacology · 2022Article
- Sexual Dimorphism in Lesion Size and Sensorimotor Responses Following Spinal Cord Injury.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Article
- Sex-dependent dynamics of metabolism in primary mouse hepatocytes.Archives of toxicology · 2021Article
- Acute inflammatory profiles differ with sex and age after spinal cord injury.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2021Article
- Current Understanding of the Involvement of the Insular Cortex in Neuropathic Pain: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Continued development of azithromycin as a neuroprotective therapeutic for the treatment of spinal cord injury and other neurological conditions.Neural regeneration research · 2021Article
- Effect of Sex on Motor Function, Lesion Size, and Neuropathic Pain after Contusion Spinal Cord Injury in Mice.Journal of neurotrauma · 2020Article
- Considerations for Studying Sex as a Biological Variable in Spinal Cord Injury.Frontiers in neurology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Central neuropathic pain develops in greater than 75% of individuals suffering a spinal cord injury (SCI). Increasingly, sex is recognized as an important biological variable in the development and treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain, but much less is known about the role of sex in central neuropathic pain and its pharmacological inhibition. To test the hypothesis that efficacy of analgesic therapies differs between males and females in SCI, we used a mouse model of SCI pain to determine the analgesic efficacy of pioglitazone (PIO), U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for the treatment of diabetes, and azithromycin (AZM), a commonly prescribed macrolide antibiotic with immunomodulatory properties. Male and female mice received moderate-severe T9 contusion SCI (75-kdyn). A robust heat hyperalgesia developed similarly between male and female mice by 4 weeks post-injury and lasted throughout the duration of the study (14 weeks). Three months after SCI, mice were treated with PIO (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) or AZM (160 mg/kg, oral). We observed a sex-specific effect of PIO with significant antihyperalgesic effects in females, but not males. In contrast, AZM was effective in both sexes. Our data support the use of PIO and AZM as novel therapies for SCI pain and highlight the importance of considering sex as a biological variable in clinical and experimental SCI pain research.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.