SynthesisActa diabetologica2019
Association of smoking and cardiometabolic parameters with albuminuria in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Acta diabetologica, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Health risk behaviours, mental health and HbA1c: an overview of reviews of observational studies.BMJ open · 2025Pooled it
- Interplay between periodontitis and chronic kidney disease.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2025Review
- Nomenclature of renal involvement in diabetes mellitus: unify to manage diversity.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- Risk factors for rapid kidney function decline in diabetes patients.Renal failure · 2024Review
- The Association of Smoking Status with Diabetic Microvascular Complications in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.Yonsei medical journal · 2024Article
- Albuminuria as a biomarker of severity in diabetic retinopathy and in the response to intravitreal treatment in diabetic macular edema.International ophthalmology · 2023Article
- The Effect of Smoking Cessation on Body Weight and Other Metabolic Parameters with Focus on People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Review
- Article
- Predictors and determinants of albuminuria in people with prediabetes and diabetes based on smoking status: A cross-sectional study using the UK Biobank data.EClinicalMedicine · 2022Article
- The Global Burden of Type 2 Diabetes Attributable to Tobacco: A Secondary Analysis From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
- REG1A and RUNX3 Are Potential Biomarkers for Predicting the Risk of Diabetic Kidney Disease.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
- Trajectories of kidney function in diabetes: a clinicopathological update.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2021Review
- Article
- Development and internal validation of risk prediction model of metabolic syndrome in oil workers.BMC public health · 2020Article
- Gender, Albuminuria and Chronic Kidney Disease Progression in Treated Diabetic Kidney Disease.Journal of clinical medicine · 2020Article
- Risk factors and urinary biomarkers of non-albuminuric and albuminuric chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes.World journal of diabetes · 2019Article
- Targeted Clinical Metabolite Profiling Platform for the Stratification of Diabetic Patients.Metabolites · 2019Article
- Smoking and diabetes: dangerous liaisons and confusing relationships.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
aimsSmoking is a strong risk factor for albuminuria in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, it is unclear whether this sequela of smoking is brought about by its action on cardiometabolic parameters or the relationship is independent. The aim of this systematic review is to explore this relationship.
methodsElectronic databases on cross-sectional and prospective studies in Medline and Embase were searched from January 1946 to May 2018. Adult smokers with T2DM were included, and other types of diabetes were excluded.
resultsA random effects meta-analysis of 20,056 participants from 13 studies found that the odds ratio (OR) of smokers developing albuminuria compared to non-smokers was 2.13 (95% CI 1.32, 3.45). Apart from smoking, the odds ratio of other risk factors associated with albuminuria were: age 1.24 (95% CI 0.84, 1.64), male sex 1.39 (95% CI 1.16, 1.67), duration of diabetes 1.78 (95% CI 1.32, 2.23), HbA1c 0.63 (95% CI 0.45, 0.81), SBP 6.03 (95% CI 4.10, 7.97), DBP 1.85 (95% CI 1.08, 2.62), total cholesterol 0.06 (95% CI - 0.05, 0.17) and HDL cholesterol - 0.01 (95% CI - 0.04, 0.02), triglyceride 0.22 (95% CI 0.12, 0.33) and BMI 0.40 (95% CI 0.00-0.80). When the smoking status was adjusted in a mixed effect meta-regression model, the duration of diabetes was the only statistically significant factor that influenced the prevalence of albuminuria. In smokers, each year's increase in the duration of T2DM was associated with an increased risk of albuminuria of 0.19 units (95% CI 0.07, 0.31) on the log odds scale or increased the odds approximately by 23%, compared to non-smokers. Prediction from the meta-regression model also suggested that the odds ratios of albuminuria in smokers after a diabetes duration of 9 years and 16 years were 1.53 (95% CI 1.10, 2.13) and 5.94 (95% CI 2.53, 13.95), respectively.
conclusionsContinuing to smoke and the duration of diabetes are two strong predictors of albuminuria in smokers with T2DM. With a global surge in younger smokers developing T2DM, smoking cessation interventions at an early stage of disease trajectory should be promoted.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.