Engineering renal epithelial cells: programming and directed differentiation towards glomerular podocyte's progenitor and mature podocyte.

Current knowledge of normal developmental physiology and identification of specific cell types of the kidney at molecular levels enables us to generate various cells of the kidney. The generation of renal specialized cells in vitro with its correct molecular and functional implications is the urgent need for cellular therapy in chronic kidney diseases and for organ formation. Glomerular podocytes are one of the major renal cells lose its functionality to maintain glomerular blood filtration function. In vitro, many inductions or reprogramming methods have been established for podocytes development. In these methods transcription factors, small molecules, and growth factors play the major role to remodel stem cells into podocyte progenitors and towards mature podocytes. Micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) have been utilizing as another strategy to generate podocyte. In this review, current protocols for in vitro glomerular podocyte differentiation have summarized emphasizing programming methods, signaling modulation, and cytoskeletal changes. Novel ideas are also pointed out, which are required for efficient optimal glomerular podocyte generation and their functional characterization in vitro with nanoarchitecture impression of the glomerular basement membrane.