ArticleDiabetologia2019
Continuous glucose monitoring in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes: an observational cohort study of 186 pregnancies.
Article in Diabetologia, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 87 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
87 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Outcomes of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy in Africa: Systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2026Pooled it
- Preexisting Diabetes and Pregnancy: An Endocrine Society and European Society of Endocrinology Joint Clinical Practice Guideline.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Guideline
- American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update.Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists · 2022Guideline
- Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Pregnancies With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Diabetes care · 2025Trial
- Sensor-derived glycaemic metrics in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes randomised to faster acting insulin aspart or insulin aspart-A secondary analysis of the CopenFast trial.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2025Trial
- Randomized Trial of Assisted Hybrid Closed-Loop Therapy Versus Sensor-Augmented Pump Therapy in Pregnancy.Diabetes technology & therapeutics · 2024Trial
- Relationship Between Time-in-Range, HbA1c, and the Glucose Management Indicator in Pregnancies Complicated by Type 1 Diabetes.Diabetes technology & therapeutics · 2021Trial
- Exploratory Analysis of Glycemic Control and Variability Over Gestation Among Pregnant Women with Type 1 Diabetes.Diabetes technology & therapeutics · 2021Trial
- Continuous Glucose Monitoring Time-in-Range and HbADiabetes technology & therapeutics · 2021Trial
- Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Pregnancy: Importance of Analyzing Temporal Profiles to Understand Clinical Outcomes.Diabetes care · 2020Trial
- The Role of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Managing Hyperglycaemia First Detected in Pregnancy: A Narrative Review.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Review
- Commercial Automated Insulin Delivery Systems in Type 1 Diabetes Pregnancy: Protocol for a Mixed-Methods Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Glycaemic, Perinatal, Psychosocial and Implementation Outcomes.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2026Article
- Metrics in pregnancy: is it the time for new glycaemic goals for pregnant women with type 1 diabetes? An experience with advanced hybrid closed loop.Acta diabetologica · 2026Article
- Ponderal Index Increases With Maternal Glucose, but Large for Gestational Age Better Predicts Infant Morbidity in Type 1 Diabetes Pregnancies.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2026Article
- Practical Approach to Continuous Glucose Monitoring Interpretation and Automated Insulin Delivery Use in Pregnancy: Considerations for Obstetric Providers.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2026Article
- 15. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026.Diabetes care · 2026Review
- Advantages and Challenges of Automated Insulin Delivery Use in Pregnancy: Physiology Considerations.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2026Review
- Skin Autofluorescence and Perinatal Outcomes in Pregnant Women with a Positive Glucose Challenge Test: A Prospective Study with Exploratory Analyses of Oxidative Stress and CGM Metrics.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- First Trimester Mean Glucose Level on Continuous Glucose Monitoring Is Associated with Infant Birth Weight.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2025Observational
- Impaired central thyroid hormone sensitivity is associated with time in range in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the euthyroid population.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Article
27 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aims/hypothesisThe aim of this study was to analyse patterns of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data for associations with large for gestational age (LGA) infants and an adverse neonatal composite outcome (NCO) in pregnancies in women with type 1 diabetes.
methodsThis was an observational cohort study of 186 pregnant women with type 1 diabetes in Sweden. The interstitial glucose readings from 92 real-time (rt) CGM and 94 intermittently viewed (i) CGM devices were used to calculate mean glucose, SD, CV%, time spent in target range (3.5-7.8 mmol/l), mean amplitude of glucose excursions and also high and low blood glucose indices (HBGI and LBGI, respectively). Electronic records provided information on maternal demographics and neonatal outcomes. Associations between CGM indices and neonatal outcomes were analysed by stepwise logistic regression analysis adjusted for confounders.
resultsThe number of infants born LGA was similar in rtCGM and iCGM users (52% vs 53%). In the combined group, elevated mean glucose levels in the second and the third trimester were significantly associated with LGA (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.12, 2.08, and OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.12, 2.19, respectively). Furthermore, a high percentage of time in target in the second and the third trimester was associated with lower risk of LGA (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.94, 0.99 and OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.95, 1.00, respectively). The same associations were found for mean glucose and for time in target and the risk of NCO in all trimesters. SD was significantly associated with LGA in the second trimester and with NCO in the third trimester. Glucose patterns did not differ between rtCGM and iCGM users except that rtCGM users had lower LBGI and spent less time below target. CONCLUSIONS/
interpretationHigher mean glucose levels, higher SD and less time in target range were associated with increased risk of LGA and NCO. Despite the use of CGM throughout pregnancy, the day-to-day glucose control was not optimal and the incidence of LGA remained high.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.