ArticleNeurobiology of stress2019
Effects of hormonal contraceptive phase and progestin generation on stress-induced cortisol and progesterone release.
Article in Neurobiology of stress, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effects of oral contraceptives on resting autonomic function and the autonomic response to physiological stressors: a systematic review.Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society · 2023Pooled it
- Associations between brain activity and endogenous and exogenous cortisol - A systematic review.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2020Pooled it
- Higher Circulating Cortisol in the Follicular vs. Luteal Phase of the Menstrual Cycle: A Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2020Pooled it
- Effects of gender-affirming hormones on diurnal cortisol concentrations: A prospective study.Neurobiology of stress · 2025Article
- Relevance of cortisol and copeptin blood concentration changes in an experimental pain model.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- The regulatory roles of progesterone and estradiol on emotion processing in women.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2021Article
- The Relationship Between Androgens and Days per Month of Period Pain, Pelvic Pain, Headache, and TLR4 Responsiveness of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Young Women with Dysmenorrhoea.Journal of pain research · 2021Article
- Individual resting-state frontocingular functional connectivity predicts the intermittent theta burst stimulation response to stress in healthy female volunteers.Human brain mapping · 2020Article
- Hormonal contraceptive phases matter: Resting-state functional connectivity of emotion-processing regions under stress.Neurobiology of stress · 2020Article
- Brain activity during a post-stress working memory task differs between the hormone-present and hormone-absent phase of hormonal contraception.Neurobiology of stress · 2020Article
- Sex differences in neural stress responses and correlation with subjective stress and stress regulation.Neurobiology of stress · 2019Article
- Determining the biological associates of acute cold pressor post-encoding stress effects on human memory: The role of salivary interleukin-1β.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The stress response differs between women using hormonal contraception and naturally cycling women. Yet, despite ample evidence showing that the stress response differs across the menstrual cycle in naturally cycling women, limited work has investigated whether the stress response differs across the hormonal contraceptive cycle, during which synthetic hormones are taken most of the month but not all of it. To induce a stress response, women using hormonal contraception completed the cold pressor test during either the active phase, when hormones are present, or during the inactive phase, when hormones are not present. Saliva was collected and assayed for free cortisol and progesterone levels prior to stress onset, immediately after stress termination, and 15-min post stress onset. Free cortisol and progesterone increased to a similar degree across both hormonal contraceptive phases in response to the cold pressor test. Post-hoc investigation indicates that the progestin "generation" (classification of synthetic progestins based on the compounds they are derived from) can differentially affect the free steroid response to cold pressor test stress, with the largest effects observed in women using formulations containing second-generation progestins. These findings indicate that progestin generation, particularly second-generation progestins, may have a more impactful influence on the stress response than hormonal contraceptive cycle phase. Potential mechanisms driving this effect and need for additional research are discussed.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.