ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2019
Glial Cell Expression of PD-L1.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The cytokines interleukin-6 and interferon-α induce distinct microglia phenotypes.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2022Pooled it
- Research on tissue-resident macrophages in the field of cancer research: a bibliometric analysis from 2004 to 2025.Cell adhesion & migration · 2026Review
- Article
- Parkinson's Disease: Immunometabolic Control Points Across Neural, Vascular, and Peripheral Systems.Parkinson's disease · 2026Review
- Microglial PD-1/PD-L1 axis in CNS demyelinating diseases: a dual immunoregulatory perspective.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Review
- Article
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Patients with Brain Metastases from Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Emerging Mechanisms and Personalized Clinical Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Immune Checkpoint PD-L1 Modulates Retinal Microglial Activation to Alleviate Vascular Leakage in Choroidal Neovascularization via ERK.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Imaging PD-L1 in the brain-Journey from the lab to the clinic.Neuro-oncology · 2025Article
- The role of inhibitory immune checkpoint receptors in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Review
- Targeting PD-L1 for PCNS-DLBCL: from molecular effects to clinical translation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Tumor perfusion enhancement by focus ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening to potentiate anti-PD-1 immunotherapy of glioma.Translational oncology · 2024Article
- Comparative proteomic analysis of regenerative mechanisms in mouse retina to identify markers for neuro-regeneration in glaucoma.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- H3K27M mutant glioma: Disease definition and biological underpinnings.Neuro-oncology · 2024Review
- Nanomaterial-Based Strategies for Attenuating T-Cell-Mediated Immunodepression in Stroke Patients: Advancing Research Perspectives.International journal of nanomedicine · 2024Review
- Reconstitution of human microglia and resident T cells in the brain of humanized DRAGA mice.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Correlation of MR-Based Metabolomics and Molecular Profiling in the Tumor Microenvironment of Temozolomide-Treated Orthotopic GL261 Glioblastoma in Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Advances in immune checkpoint-based immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: rationale and practice.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2023Review
- Divergent neuroimmune signatures in the cerebrospinal fluid predict differential gender-specific survival among patients with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- A Rationale and Approach to the Development of Specific Treatments for HIV Associated Neurocognitive Impairment.Microorganisms · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The programmed death (PD)-1/PD-L1 pathway is a well-recognized negative immune checkpoint that results in functional inhibition of T-cells. Microglia, the brain-resident immune cells are vital for pathogen detection and initiation of neuroimmune responses. Moreover, microglial cells and astrocytes govern the activity of brain-infiltrating antiviral T-cells through upregulation of PD-L1 expression. While T-cell suppressive responses within brain are undoubtedly beneficial to the host, preventing cytotoxic damage to this vital organ, establishment of a prolonged anti-inflammatory milieu may simultaneously lead to deficiencies in viral clearance. An immune checkpoint blockade targeting the PD-1: PD-L1 (B7-H1; CD274) axis has revolutionized contemporary treatment for a variety of cancers. However, the therapeutic potential of PD1: PD-L1 blockade therapies targeting viral brain reservoirs remains to be determined. For these reasons, it is key to understand both the detrimental and protective functions of this signaling pathway within the brain. This review highlights how glial cells use PD-L1 expression to modulate T-cell effector function and limit detrimental bystander damage, while still retaining an effective defense of the brain.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.