ArticleFrontiers in molecular neuroscience2019
Rescue of Retinal Degeneration in rd1 Mice by Intravitreally Injected Metformin.
Article in Frontiers in molecular neuroscience, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Metabolomics Effects of Folding Correction in Retinitis Pigmentosa Rhodopsin Mutant P23A.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Article
- The iCre-DTA176 Mouse Exhibits Canonical Spontaneous Network Activity Associated With Retinal Degeneration.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Inhibiting The uPA/uPAR Pathway Affords Photoreceptor Resilience and Preserves Retinal Function in a Mouse Model of Retinitis Pigmentosa.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Metabolomic biomarkers in vitreous humor: unveiling the molecular landscape of diabetic retinopathy progression.International journal of retina and vitreous · 2025Article
- Exploring the Protective Effects of Traditional Antidiabetic Medications and Novel Antihyperglycemic Agents in Diabetic Rodent Models.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- A review of the 661W cell line as a tool to facilitate treatment development for retinal diseases.Cell & bioscience · 2025Review
- Metformin inhibits pathological retinal neovascularization but promotes retinal fibrosis in experimental neovascular age-related macular degeneration.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Induction, amplification, and propagation of diabetic retinopathy-associated inflammatory cytokines between human retinal microvascular endothelial and Müller cells and in the mouse retina.Cellular signalling · 2024Article
- Exosomes derived from IFNγ-stimulated mesenchymal stem cells protect photoreceptors in RCS rats by restoring immune homeostasis through tsRNAs.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2024Article
- Intravitreal Metformin Protects Against Choroidal Neovascularization and Light-Induced Retinal Degeneration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Therapeutic Effects of Metformin on Central Nervous System Diseases: A Focus on Protection of Neurovascular Unit.Pharmaceutical research · 2024Review
- Effects of medications on hypoxia-inducible factor in the retina: A review.Clinical & experimental ophthalmology · 2023Review
- The Role and Mechanism of Metformin in Inflammatory Diseases.Journal of inflammation research · 2023Review
- An SPM-Enriched Marine Oil Supplement Shifted Microglia Polarization toward M2, Ameliorating Retinal Degeneration inAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Using Computational Drug-Gene Analysis to Identify Novel Therapeutic Candidates for Retinal Neuroprotection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Fullerenol protects cornea from ultraviolet B exposure.Redox biology · 2022Article
- Single-cell RNA sequencing of the retina in a model of retinitis pigmentosa reveals early responses to degeneration in rods and cones.BMC biology · 2022Article
- Evaluation of photoreceptor-directed fibroblasts derived from retinitis pigmentosa patients with defects in the EYS gene: a possible cost-effective cellular model for mechanism-oriented drug.Stem cell research & therapy · 2022Article
- Metformin and retinal diseases in preclinical and clinical studies: Insights and review of literature.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2022Review
- The roles of microglia in neural remodeling during retinal degeneration.Histology and histopathology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a progressive hereditary retinal degenerative disease in which photoreceptor cells undergo degeneration and apoptosis, eventually resulting in irreversible loss of visual function. Currently, no effective treatment exists for this disease. Neuroprotection and inflammation suppression have been reported to delay the development of RP. Metformin is a well-tested drug used to treat type 2 diabetes, and it has been reported to exert beneficial effects in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, we used immunofluorescence staining, electroretinogram (ERG) recordings and RNA-Seq to explore the effects of metformin on photoreceptor degeneration and its mechanism in rd1 mice. We found that metformin significantly reduced apoptosis in photoreceptors and delayed the degeneration of photoreceptors and rod bipolar cells in rd1 mice, thus markedly improving the visual function of rd1 mice at P14, P18, and P22 when tested with a light/dark transition test and ERG. Microglial activation in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) of the retina of rd1 mice was significantly suppressed by metformin. RNA-Seq showed that metformin markedly downregulated inflammatory genes and upregulated the expression of crystallin proteins, which have been demonstrated to be important neuroprotective molecules in the retina, revealing the therapeutic potential of metformin for RP treatment. αA-crystallin proteins were further confirmed to be involved in the neuroprotective effects of metformin in a Ca
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.