SynthesisNutrients2019
Dietary Glycemic Index and Load and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Assessment of Causal Relations.
Synthesis in Nutrients, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06818032 (Acute Avocado Consumption on Postprandial Glycemic and Appetite/Satiety Responses), which is not on this map. Cited by 78 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Acute Avocado Consumption on Postprandial Glycemic and Appetite/Satiety Responses
Who cites it
78 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 156 citations in OpenAlex.
- An evidence-based assessment of the nutritional recommendations for the prevention of diabetes mellitus.Hormones (Athens, Greece) · 2025Pooled it
- Associations of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load with Cardiovascular Disease: Updated Evidence from Meta-analysis and Cohort Studies.Current cardiology reports · 2022Pooled it
- Dietary carbohydrate and the risk of type 2 diabetes: an updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- Evaluation of the Quality of Evidence of the Association of Foods and Nutrients With Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: A Systematic Review.JAMA network open · 2022Pooled it
- Low-Glycemic Index Diets as an Intervention in Metabolic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2022Pooled it
- Dietary Glycemic Index and Load and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analyses of Prospective Cohort Studies.Nutrients · 2019Pooled it
- The combined effect of gluten addition and semolina cell wall integrity reduces the oral sugar release and the insulinemic response to bread in healthy volunteers.European journal of nutrition · 2024Trial
- The Portfolio Diet and HbA1c in Adults Living with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Patient-Level Pooled Analysis of Two Randomized Dietary Trials.Nutrients · 2024Trial
- Understanding the Impact of Different Doses of ReducoseNutrients · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Glycemic Index Versus Wheat Fiber on Arterial Wall Damage in Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Diabetes care · 2022Trial
- Dietary Management Tools Improve the Dietary Skills of Patients with T2DM in Communities.Nutrients · 2022Trial
- Precision Nutrition Model Predicts Glucose Control of Overweight Females Following the Consumption of Potatoes High in Resistant Starch.Nutrients · 2022Trial
- Effect of a Low-Glycemic Load Diet Intervention on Maternal and Pregnancy Outcomes in Obese Pregnant Women.Nutrients · 2021Trial
- Association between carbohydrate quality index and cardiovascular disease: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Sorghum Starch and Protein Digestibility: Mechanisms, Modifications, and Health Implications.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The Effect ofInternational journal of food science · 2026Review
- The Role of a Sustainable Planetary Health Diet in the Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases and Cause-Specific Mortality: A Narrative Review.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Glycemic index of some protein-free food products for individuals with non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease.Nutrition & metabolism · 2025Article
- The Complex Gene-Carbohydrate Interaction in Type 2 Diabetes: Between Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives.Nutrients · 2025Review
18 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
25 authors at 14 institutions in 10 countries.
Funding
Abstract
While dietary factors are important modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D), the causal role of carbohydrate quality in nutrition remains controversial. Dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) have been examined in relation to the risk of T2D in multiple prospective cohort studies. Previous meta-analyses indicate significant relations but consideration of causality has been minimal. Here, the results of our recent meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies of 4 to 26-y follow-up are interpreted in the context of the nine Bradford-Hill criteria for causality, that is: (1) Strength of Association, (2) Consistency, (3) Specificity, (4) Temporality, (5) Biological Gradient, (6) Plausibility, (7) Experimental evidence, (8) Analogy, and (9) Coherence. These criteria necessitated referral to a body of literature wider than prospective cohort studies alone, especially in criteria 6 to 9. In this analysis, all nine of the Hill's criteria were met for GI and GL indicating that we can be confident of a role for GI and GL as causal factors contributing to incident T2D. In addition, neither dietary fiber nor cereal fiber nor wholegrain were found to be reliable or effective surrogate measures of GI or GL. Finally, our cost-benefit analysis suggests food and nutrition advice favors lower GI or GL and would produce significant potential cost savings in national healthcare budgets. The high confidence in causal associations for incident T2D is sufficient to consider inclusion of GI and GL in food and nutrient-based recommendations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.