ReviewMetabolism: clinical and experimental2019
Initial injectable therapy in type 2 diabetes: Key considerations when choosing between glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and insulin.
Review in Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness and Safety of Oral Quadruple Combination Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea) · 2025Pooled it
- Cost-effectiveness of GLP-1 receptor agonists versus insulin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a real-world study and systematic review.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2021Pooled it
- Cost consequence analysis of adding semaglutide to treatment regimen for patients with Type II diabetes in Saudi Arabia.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2024Article
- Efficacy and Safety of a Biosimilar Liraglutide (MelitideDiabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2023Article
- Real-World Evaluation of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Therapy Persistence, Adherence and Therapeutic Inertia Among Obese Adults with Type 2 Diabetes.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2023Article
- GLP-1 Agonists for Weight Loss: Pharmacology and Clinical Implications.Advances in therapy · 2023Review
- [Injection therapy of diabetes].Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2023Article
- Orally administered intelligent self-ablating nanoparticles: a new approach to improve drug cellular uptake and intestinal absorption.Drug delivery · 2022Article
- Cardiovascular outcomes after initiating GLP-1 receptor agonist or basal insulin for the routine treatment of type 2 diabetes: a region-wide retrospective study.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2021Observational
- Emerging Nondopaminergic Medications for Parkinson's Disease: Focusing on A2A Receptor Antagonists and GLP1 Receptor Agonists.Journal of movement disorders · 2021Article
- Incretin-based therapies in 2021 - Current status and perspectives for the future.Metabolism: clinical and experimental · 2021Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Managing type 2 diabetes is complex and necessitates careful consideration of patient factors such as engagement in self-care, comorbidities and costs. Since type 2 diabetes is a progressive disease, many patients will require injectable agents, usually insulin. Recent ADA-EASD guidelines recommend glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) as first injectable therapy in most cases. The basis for this recommendation is the similar glycemic efficacy of GLP-1 RAs and insulin, but with GLP-1 RAs promoting weight loss instead of weight gain, at lower hypoglycemia risk, and with cardiovascular benefits in patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease. GLP-1 RAs also reduce burden of glucose self-monitoring. However, tolerability and costs are important considerations, and notably, rates of drug discontinuation are often higher for GLP-1 RAs than basal insulin. To minimize risk of gastrointestinal symptoms patients should be started on lowest doses of GLP-1 RAs and up-titrated slowly. Overall healthcare costs may be lower with GLP-1 RAs compared to insulin. Though patient-level costs may still be prohibitive, GLP-1 RAs can replace 50-80 units of insulin daily and reduce costs associated with glucose self-monitoring. Decisions regarding initiating injectable therapy should be individualized. This review provides a framework to guide decision-making in the real-world setting.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.