SynthesisAmerican journal of human genetics2019
Pleiotropic Meta-Analysis of Cognition, Education, and Schizophrenia Differentiates Roles of Early Neurodevelopmental and Adult Synaptic Pathways.
Abstract readMeta-Analysis
In one paragraph
Synthesis in American journal of human genetics, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
70citing papers in PubMed, 6 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Dissecting Schizophrenia Biology Using Pleiotropy With Cognitive Genomics.Biological psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies examining synaptic density in individuals with psychotic spectrum disorders.BMC psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Genome-wide association studies and cross-population meta-analyses investigating short and long sleep duration.Nature communications · 2023Pooled it
- Epigenome-wide association study of global cortical volumes in generation Scotland: Scottish family health study.Epigenetics · 2022Pooled it
- Involvement of the long intergenic non-coding RNA LINC00461 in schizophrenia.BMC psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Integrative analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies novel loci associated with neuropsychiatric disorders.Translational psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Analysis of whole exome sequencing in severe mental illness hints at selection of brain development and immune related genes.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- The genetic overlap between schizophrenia and major depression with cognitive function.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Identification of comprehensive genetic factors, pathways, and shared genetic architecture of putamen volume in adolescent cohort.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Disorder-specific and shared genetic architecture underlying schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Cognitive pleiotropy reveals disorder-specific and shared biology for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Bridging the Scales via Personalized Cellular Modeling and Deep Phenotyping in Schizophrenia.JAMA psychiatry · 2026Article
- AI-guided multi-omics analysis identifies NPC1-modulated susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection under PMNature communications · 2026Article
- Interpreting artificial neural networks to detect genome-wide association signals for complex traits.NAR genomics and bioinformatics · 2026Article
- The dynamic nature of genetic risk for schizophrenia within genes regulated by FOXP1 during neurodevelopment.Human molecular genetics · 2026Article
- Clinical outcomes in first-episode schizophrenia: identifying predictors of relapse.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- A genome-wide association study identifies the GPM6A locus associated with age at onset in ALS.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Pleiotropy in Multitrait Genome-Wide Association Studies: Approaches and Insights From Schizophrenia-Cognition Analyses.Biological psychiatry · 2025Article
- Identification of novel protective loci for executive function using the trail making test part B in the Long Life Family Study.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Polygenic Scores for Schizophrenia and Educational Attainment Predict Global Functioning Across Psychiatric Hospitalization Among People with Schizophrenia.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
68 authors.
Max LamInstitute of Mental Health, Singapore, 539747, Singapore; Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
W David HillCentre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom.
Joey W TrampushDepartment of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
Jin YuDivision of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA.
Emma KnowlesDepartment of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
Gail DaviesCentre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom.
Eli StahlDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
Laura HuckinsDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
David C LiewaldDepartment of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom.
Srdjan DjurovicDepartment of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen 4956, Nydalen 0424, Norway; Norsk Senter for Forskning på Mentale Lidelser, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen 4956, Nydalen 0424, Norway.
Ingrid MelleNorsk Senter for Forskning på Mentale Lidelser, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen 4956, Nydalen 0424, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 1039, Blindern 0315, Norway.
Kjetil SundetDivision of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 1039, Blindern 0315, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo 1094, Blindern 0317, Norway.
Andrea ChristoforouDr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 7804, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
Ivar ReinvangDepartment of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo 1094, Blindern 0317, Norway.
Pamela DeRosseDivision of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA.
Astri J LundervoldDepartment of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, 7807, N-5020, Norway.
Vidar M SteenNorsk Senter for Forskning på Mentale Lidelser, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen 4956, Nydalen 0424, Norway; Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 7804, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
Thomas EspesethDivision of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 1039, Blindern 0315, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo 1094, Blindern 0317, Norway.
Katri RäikkönenInstitute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.
Elisabeth WidenInstitute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland.
Aarno PalotieInstitute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.
Johan G ErikssonDepartment of General Practice, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, 00014, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki 00290, Finland.
Ina GieglingDepartment of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle 06108, Germany.
Bettina KonteDepartment of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle 06108, Germany.
Annette M HartmannDepartment of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle 06108, Germany.
Panos RoussosDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA.
Stella GiakoumakiDepartment of Psychology, University of Crete, Crete 74100, Greece.
Katherine E BurdickDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.
Antony PaytonDivision of Informatics, Imaging, and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M139NT, United Kingdom.
William OllierCentre for Epidemiology, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, University of Manchester, Manchester M139PL, United Kingdom; School of Healthcare Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, United Kingdom.
Ornit Chiba-FalekDepartment of Neurology, Bryan Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
Deborah K AttixDepartment of Neurology, Bryan Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Medical Psychology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
Anna C NeedDivision of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK.
Elizabeth T CirulliHelix Inc, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
Aristotle N VoineskosCampbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto M6J 1H4, Canada.
Nikos C StefanisDepartment of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens 115 27, Greece; Neurobiology Research Institute, Theodor-Theohari Cozzika Foundation, Athens, Greece.
Dimitrios AvramopoulosDepartment of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
Alex HatzimanolisCampbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto M6J 1H4, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens 115 27, Greece.
Dan E ArkingDepartment of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
Nikolaos SmyrnisCampbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto M6J 1H4, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece.
Robert M BilderMcKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
Nelson A FreimerMcKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
Tyrone D CannonDepartment of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
Edythe LondonUCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
Russell A PoldrackDepartment of Psychology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA.
Fred W SabbRobert and Beverly Lewis Center for Neuroimaging, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97401, USA.
Eliza CongdonUCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
Emily Drabant Conley23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, 94041, USA.
Matthew A ScultLaboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
Dwight DickinsonClinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
Richard E StraubLieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
Gary DonohoeNeuroimaging, Cognition, and Genomics Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
Derek MorrisNeuroimaging, Cognition, and Genomics Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
Aiden CorvinNeuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Michael GillNeuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Ahmad R HaririLaboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
Daniel R WeinbergerLieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
Neil PendletonDivision of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
Panos BitsiosDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete GR-71003, Greece.
Dan RujescuDepartment of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle 06108, Germany.
Jari LahtiInstitute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland; Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
Stephanie Le HellardNorsk Senter for Forskning på Mentale Lidelser, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen 4956, Nydalen 0424, Norway; Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 7804, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
Matthew C KellerInstitute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
Ole A AndreassenNorsk Senter for Forskning på Mentale Lidelser, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen 4956, Nydalen 0424, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 1039, Blindern 0315, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0318, Norway.
Ian J DearyCentre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom.
David C GlahnDepartment of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
Anil K MalhotraDivision of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA; Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
Todd LenczDivision of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA; Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA. Electronic address: tlencz@northwell.edu.
Funding
Neuroimaging of Brain Circuits and Neurogenetic Mechanisms in Normal CognitionZIAMH002717 · NIMH · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH · PI BERMAN, KAREN FAITH · 2009 to 2024
$21.8MEstimating the genetic and environmental architecture of psychiatric disordersR01MH100141 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO · PI KELLER, MATTHEW CHARLES · 2013 to 2022
$5.3MCognitive Genomics as a Window on Neurodevelopment and PsychopathologyR01MH117646 · NIMH · FEINSTEIN INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH · PI TODD LENCZ · 2018 to 2026
$4.7MIdentification of genetic determinants of schizophrenia related phenotypesR01MH085018 · NIMH · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI AVRAMOPOULOS, DIMITRIOS · 2010 to 2013
$2.5MBiotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council BB/F019394/1Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council BB/F022441/1Medical Research Council G0100594Medical Research Council G0600237Medical Research Council G0901461Medical Research Council MR/K026992/1NIMH NIH HHS L30 MH104879NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH085018NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH100141NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH117646
Abstract
Susceptibility to schizophrenia is inversely correlated with general cognitive ability at both the phenotypic and the genetic level. Paradoxically, a modest but consistent positive genetic correlation has been reported between schizophrenia and educational attainment, despite the strong positive genetic correlation between cognitive ability and educational attainment. Here we leverage published genome-wide association studies (GWASs) in cognitive ability, education, and schizophrenia to parse biological mechanisms underlying these results. Association analysis based on subsets (ASSET), a pleiotropic meta-analytic technique, allowed jointly associated loci to be identified and characterized. Specifically, we identified subsets of variants associated in the expected ("concordant") direction across all three phenotypes (i.e., greater risk for schizophrenia, lower cognitive ability, and lower educational attainment); these were contrasted with variants that demonstrated the counterintuitive ("discordant") relationship between education and schizophrenia (i.e., greater risk for schizophrenia and higher educational attainment). ASSET analysis revealed 235 independent loci associated with cognitive ability, education, and/or schizophrenia at p < 5 × 10
Indexed as
Educational StatusPolymorphism, Single NucleotideSynaptic TransmissionAdultCognitionCognition DisordersGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansNeurodevelopmental DisordersSchizophreniacognitive abilityeducational attainmentgenetic correlationGWASpathwayspleiotropyschizophrenia
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390
Registered trials
None linked
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.