ReviewAnimal models and experimental medicine2019
Protective effect of hydroxychloroquine on rheumatoid arthritis-associated atherosclerosis.
Review in Animal models and experimental medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gut microbiota regulate atherosclerosis via the gut-vascular axis: a scoping review of mechanisms and therapeutic interventions.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- An umbrella review of systematic reviews with meta-analyses evaluating positive and negative outcomes of Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine therapy.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2021Pooled it
- Upadacitinib for refractory Behcet's syndrome: a multi-centre, single-arm trial.Arthritis research & therapy · 2026Trial
- Hydroxychloroquine Effects on THP-1 Macrophage Cholesterol Handling: Cell Culture Studies Corresponding to the TARGET Cardiovascular Trial.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Trial
- Trial
- The Impact of Oral-Gut Microbiota Structure and Its Manipulation on RA Development and Management.Food science & nutrition · 2026Review
- The Gut Microbiome in Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Sjögren's Disease: Correlations with Dry Eye.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Asparaginase and Autophagy Inhibitors Effectively Remove Senescent Cells by Synergistically Limiting Asparagine Supply.Aging cell · 2025Article
- Microbial threads in the tapestry of rheumatoid arthritis.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Review
- The presumable combined effects of hydroxychloroquine and its metabolites on the blood lipids and glucose in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Article
- Gut microbiota dysbiosis and associated immune response in systemic lupus erythematosus: impact of disease and treatment.Gut pathogens · 2025Article
- Emodin promotes the recovery of rheumatoid arthritis by regulating the crosstalk between macrophage subsets and synovial fibroblast subsets.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2025Article
- Treating Cardiovascular Disease in the Inflammatory Setting of Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Ongoing Challenge.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Resolvin T4 enhances macrophage cholesterol efflux to reduce vascular disease.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- Article
- Saturated Fatty Acids and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Improve Metabolic Parameters in Ovariectomized Female Mice.Endocrinology · 2023Article
- Dyslipidemia in rheumatoid arthritis: the possible mechanisms.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- The relationship between hydroxychloroquine plasma concentration and COVID-19 outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis patients in Saudi Arabia.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPatients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. We examined the effect of gut microbiota in a mouse model of RA that develops atherosclerosis.
methodsWe created three groups of K/BxN female mice that were positive for the anti-glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) antibody: control diet (CD), high fat diet (HFD), and HFD with hydroxychloroquine (HFD + HCQ). Serological tests were used to detect the serum levels of total cholesterol (TCHO), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), anti-GPI antibody titers, and serum cytokines. Atherosclerotic plaque was determined by histological analysis, and gut microbiota were determined by 16sV4 sequencing.
resultsRelative to mice given the CD, those receiving the HFD had increased serum levels of LDL-C, TCHO, and TG, decreased serum levels of HDL-C, increased atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic root, and altered gut microbiota. Addition of HCQ to HFD decreased the serum levels of LDL-C, TCHO, and TG, increased serum levels of HDL-C, and decreased the atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic root. Mice receiving HFD + HCQ also had the greatest bacterial diversity among the three experimental groups. Moreover, HCQ treatment significantly increased the abundance of
conclusionOur mouse model of RA indicated that HFD increased ankle width and aggravated atherosclerosis and dyslipidemia, and that HCQ alleviated the dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis, but had no effect on ankle width.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.