ReviewDiabetologia2019
Racial/ethnic differences in the burden of type 2 diabetes over the life course: a focus on the USA and India.
Review in Diabetologia, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 109 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global Patterns of Comorbidities Among Patients With Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of dermatology · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Systematic review: Perceptions of type 2 diabetes of people of African descent living in high-income countries.Journal of advanced nursing · 2022Pooled it
- Greater Glycaemic Responses to Bodyweight Change in South Asians Than White Europeans at High Risk of Type 2 Diabetes.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Incidence Rates of COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization and Risk Factors for Severe Disease Among American Indian and Alaska Native Persons in the Southwest USA and Alaska.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Observational
- Diagnostic differences in glycemic markers for detecting impaired glucose tolerance in Black African and White European men in the United Kingdom: The SOUL-DEEP cross-sectional study.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2026Article
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2026Review
- Implications of Genetic Elements on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis and Management.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2026Review
- Diabetes: A comprehensive review of the Indian landscape in contrast with global trends.World journal of diabetes · 2026Review
- Ethnic Disparities in Glycemic Control among Malaysian Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Multivariable Analysis.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- The Impact of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists on Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Health in Romanian Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Review
- Clinically Practical and Affordable Lifestyle Modification to Prevent Diabetes Mellitus in Real Practice.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2025Review
- Leveraging User-Centered Design and Usability and Skills Testing for a Novel Diabetes Survival Skills Toolkit.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2025Article
- Insulin resistance and cancer: molecular links and clinical perspectives.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2025Review
- Factors Contributing to the Diabetes Burden in the Elderly: A Clinical Perspective.Scandinavian journal of caring sciences · 2025Article
- Empowering Pharmacists in Type 2 Diabetes Care: Opportunities for Prevention, Counseling, and Therapeutic Optimization.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Risk Factors and Vascular Damage Progression in Type 2 Diabetes: A Primary Care Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Review
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a common disease worldwide, but its prevalence varies widely by geographical region and by race/ethnicity. This review summarises differences in the frequencies of type 2 diabetes according to race, ethnicity, socioeconomic position, area of residence and environmental toxins. Type 2 diabetes susceptibility often begins early in life, starting with genetic susceptibility at conception and continuing in later life, via in utero, childhood and adult exposures. Early-life factors may lead to overt type 2 diabetes in childhood or in later life, supporting the concept of developmental origins of health and disease. The causes of the racial/ethnic differences in incidence of type 2 diabetes are not well understood. Specifically, the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to such differences are largely unknown. With a few exceptions in isolated populations, there is little evidence that differences in frequencies of known type 2 diabetes susceptibility genetic alleles account for racial/ethnic differences, although the search for genetic susceptibility has not been uniform among the world's racial/ethnic groups. In the USA, race/ethnicity is associated with many other risk factors for type 2 diabetes, including being overweight/obese, diet and socioeconomic status. Some studies suggest that some of these factors may account for the race/ethnic differences in prevalence of type 2 diabetes, although there is inadequate research in this area. A better understanding of the impact of these factors on type 2 diabetes risk should lead to more effective prevention and treatment of this disease. This has not yet been achieved but should be a goal for future research.
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Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.