ReviewMenopause (New York, N.Y.)2019
The Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS): what have we learned?
Review in Menopause (New York, N.Y.), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 172 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical practice guideline of the Interamerican Society of Cardiology on primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women.Archivos de cardiologia de Mexico · 2022Guideline
- Association between central adiposity and cognitive domain function in recently postmenopausal women: an analysis from the KEEPS-Cog substudy of the Kronos Early Estrogen Preventive Study.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Trial
- Lessons from KEEPS: the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study.Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society · 2021Trial
- Menopause and neurological disorders: a roadmap for research.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
- Review
- Menopause as a Window of Opportunity: How Far Can Hormone Therapy Take Prevention?Journal of menopausal medicine · 2026Article
- Dyslipidemias associated with endocrine disorders: a position statement of the working group of the nutrition hormones and metabolism club of the italian society of endocrinology (SIE).Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Review
- Ocular microvascular changes in hypoestrogenism: an OCT/OCTA systematic review and meta-analysis.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Review
- Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Cardiovascular Risk: Current Evidence and Clinical Implications.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Hormone Therapy is Associated with Better Cognitive Performance in Postmenopausal Women: Insights from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).Annals of geriatric medicine and research · 2026Article
- Multiple Sclerosis in Women: Impact of Different Life Stages on Treatment Decisions.CNS drugs · 2026Review
- Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women.European heart journal open · 2026Review
- Advancing evidence-based regulation: Organization for the Study of Sex Differences and Society for Women's Health Research support FDA action on menopausal hormone therapy and encourage broader sex-informed drug label updates.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Long-term systemic outcomes of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy by age at menopause: a real-world cohort study.Human reproduction open · 2026Article
- The association between reproductive factors and neurocognitive and neuroimaging markers of brain aging.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2025Article
- Circulating Levels of Angiotensinogen, Sex Hormones, and Hormone Therapy-The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2025Article
- The Benefits of Estradiol on Cognitive Aging in Rats Are Independent From Its Effects on Cardiometabolic Health.Endocrinology · 2025Article
- Neuroestrogens, the hippocampus, and female cognitive aging.Hormones and behavior · 2025Review
- Innovative Drug Delivery Systems for Management of Menopausal Symptoms: A Systematic Review.International journal of women's health · 2025Review
- Views of Menopause and Hormone Therapy Associations with Hormone Therapy Use in US Women Aged 50-79.Women's health reports (New Rochelle, N.Y.) · 2025Article
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
18 authors at 14 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS) was designed to address gaps in understanding the effects of timely menopausal hormone treatments (HT) on cardiovascular health and other effects of menopause after the premature termination of the Women's Health Initiative.
methodThe KEEPS was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial to test the hypothesis that initiation of HT (oral conjugated equine estrogens [o-CEE] or transdermal 17β-estradiol [t-E2]) in healthy, recently postmenopausal women (n = 727) would slow the progression of atherosclerosis as measured by changes in carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT).
resultsAfter 4 years, neither HT affected the rate of increase in CIMT. There was a trend for reduced accumulation of coronary artery calcium with o-CEE. There were no severe adverse effects, including venous thrombosis. Several ancillary studies demonstrated a positive effect on mood with o-CEE, and reduced hot flashes, improved sleep, and maintenance of bone mineral density with both treatments. Sexual function improved with t-E2. There were no significant effects of either treatment on cognition, breast pain, or skin wrinkling. Variants of genes associated with estrogen metabolism influenced the age of menopause and variability in effects of the HT on CIMT. Platelet activation associated with the development of white matter hyperintensities in the brain.
conclusionsKEEPS and its ancillary studies have supported the value and safety of the use of HT in recently postmenopausal women and provide a perspective for future research to optimize HT and health of postmenopausal women. The KEEPS continuation study continues to pursue these issues.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.