ReviewToxicology mechanisms and methods2021
Toxic effects of chlorine gas and potential treatments: a literature review.
Review in Toxicology mechanisms and methods, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Airway Diseases and Occupational Exposures in Poultry Industry Workers: A Comprehensive Review.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2026Review
- The use of minerals, plants and burnt materials in ancient medicine: Approaches to working recipes in John the Physician'sProceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association · 2026Article
- (001)-Exposed mesoporous SnOMikrochimica acta · 2026Article
- Acute toxic encephalopathy induced by chloropicrin: case report.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Lethality is local, but survival is systemic: Temporal and multi-organ responses to chlorine gas exposure in a murine model.Current research in toxicology · 2026Article
- Chlorine-induced severe ARDS in an adolescent rescued with VV-ECMO: a case report with 6-month functional follow-up.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Chloramine/Chlorine Injury Treated with Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation: A Report of Two Cases.Clinical practice and cases in emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Do Syrian conflict survivors show novel chronic cutaneous sequelae from chlorine gas exposure: A case report and literature review.The Journal of international medical research · 2025Review
- 2-Chloro- and 2-Bromopalmitic acids inhibit mitochondrial function in airway epithelial cells.Advances in redox research · 2025Article
- Chlorine gas poisoning by trichloroisocyanuric acid and respiratory failure: a case report of a 49-year-old patient.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Building Catalytic Reactions One Electron at a Time.Accounts of chemical research · 2024Article
- Quantitative assessment of chlorine gas inhalation injury based on endoscopic OCT and spectral encoded interferometric microscope imaging with deep learning.APL photonics · 2024Article
- Trends in chlorine and chloramine gas exposures reported to United States poison centers.Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2024Article
- Chloropicrin induced ocular injury: Biomarkers, potential mechanisms, and treatments.Toxicology letters · 2024Review
- Recapitulation of human pathophysiology and identification of forensic biomarkers in a translational model of chlorine inhalation injury.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2024Article
- Countermeasures against Pulmonary Threat Agents.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2024Review
- Epigenetic mechanisms of alveolar macrophage activation in chemical-induced acute lung injury.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Single-cell transcriptomes reveal heterogeneity of chlorine-induced mice acute lung injury and the inhibitory effect of pentoxifylline on ferroptosis.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Protective effects of pentoxifylline against chlorine-induced acute lung injury in rats.BMC pharmacology & toxicology · 2023Article
- Lung injury and oxidative stress induced by inhaled chlorine in mice is associated with proinflammatory activation of macrophages and altered bioenergetics.Toxicology and applied pharmacology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Chlorine gas is one of the highly produced chemicals in the USA and around the world. Chlorine gas has several uses in water purification, sanitation, and industrial applications; however, it is a toxic inhalation hazard agent. Inhalation of chlorine gas, based on the concentration and duration of the exposure, causes a spectrum of symptoms, including but not limited to lacrimation, rhinorrhea, bronchospasm, cough, dyspnea, acute lung injury, death, and survivors develop signs of pulmonary fibrosis and reactive airway disease. Despite the use of chlorine gas as a chemical warfare agent since World War I and its known potential as an industrial hazard, there is no specific antidote. The resurgence of the use of chlorine gas as a chemical warfare agent in recent years has brought speculation of its use as weapons of mass destruction. Therefore, developing antidotes for chlorine gas-induced lung injuries remains the need of the hour. While some of the pre-clinical studies have made substantial progress in the understanding of chlorine gas-induced pulmonary pathophysiology and identifying potential medical countermeasure(s), yet none of the drug candidates are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In this review, we summarized pathophysiology of chlorine gas-induced pulmonary injuries, pre-clinical animal models, development of a pipeline of potential medical countermeasures under FDA animal rule, and future directions for the development of antidotes for chlorine gas-induced lung injuries.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.