ArticleBMJ open2019
Impact of major depression on cardiovascular outcomes for individuals with hypertension: prospective survival analysis in UK Biobank.
Article in BMJ open, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 81 citations in OpenAlex.
- Between Depression and Risk of Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Brain and behavior · 2025Pooled it
- The impact of depression on mortality among older adult patients with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Epidemiology of depressive disorders in people living with hypertension in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2020Pooled it
- Non-pharmacological and psychosocial interventions for comorbid hypertension and depression: a scoping review.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Independent and joint associations of hypertension and depression with cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality: a population-based cohort study.Journal of human hypertension · 2025Article
- Development and Validation of a Hypertension Risk Prediction Model Based on Particle Swarm Optimization-Support Vector Machine.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Association of depression with severe non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: evidence from the UK Biobank study and Mendelian randomization analysis.Scientific reports · 2024Observational
- Intervention strategies for management of comorbid depression among individuals with hypertension: a scoping review protocol.BMJ open · 2024Article
- Voluntary wheel running as a promising strategy to promote autonomic resilience to social stress in females: Vagal tone lies at the heart of the matter.Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical · 2024Review
- Construction and validation of machine learning algorithm for predicting depression among home-quarantined individuals during the large-scale COVID-19 outbreak: based on Adaboost model.BMC psychology · 2024Article
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- Construction of a machine learning-based risk prediction model for depression in middle-aged and elderly hypertensive people in China: a longitudinal study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Association between weight-adjusted waist circumference index and depression in older patients with hypertension: a study based on NHANES 2007-2016.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- AI-Enhanced Predictive Modeling for Identifying Depression and Delirium in Cardiovascular Patients Scheduled for Cardiac Surgery.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Examining the relationship between depression and medication adherence among elderlies suffering from cardiovascular disease referring to the clinics affiliated with Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences: A cross-sectional study.Health science reports · 2023Article
- The Wicked Relationship between Depression and Metabolic Syndrome.Clinical neuropsychiatry · 2023Review
- Association between depression and macrovascular disease: a mini review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Review
- Depression Status, Lifestyle, and Metabolic Factors With Subsequent Risk for Major Cardiovascular Events: The China Cardiometabolic Disease and Cancer Cohort (4C) Study.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Article
- Effects of Combination Treatment in Hypertensive Patients with Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 27 Randomized Controlled Trials.Therapeutics and clinical risk management · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo assess whether a history of major depressive disorder (MDD) in middle-aged individuals with hypertension influences first-onset cardiovascular disease outcomes.
designProspective cohort survival analysis using Cox proportional hazards regression with a median follow-up of 63 months (702 902 person-years). Four mutually exclusive groups were compared: hypertension only (n=56 035), MDD only (n=15 098), comorbid hypertension plus MDD (n=12 929) and an unaffected (no hypertension, no MDD) comparison group (n=50 798).
settingUK Biobank.
participantsUK Biobank participants without cardiovascular disease aged 39-70 who completed psychiatric questions relating International Classification of Diseases-10 Revision (ICD-10) diagnostic criteria on a touchscreen questionnaire at baseline interview in 2006-2010 (n=134 860). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: First-onset adverse cardiovascular outcomes leading to hospital admission or death (ICD-10 codes I20-I259, I60-69 and G45-G46), adjusted in a stepwise manner for sociodemographic, health and lifestyle features. Secondary analyses were performed looking specifically at stroke outcomes (ICD-10 codes I60-69 and G45-G46) and in gender-separated models.
resultsRelative to controls, adjusted HRs for adverse cardiovascular outcomes were increased for the hypertension only group (HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.22 to 1.52) and were higher still for the comorbid hypertension plus MDD group (HR 1.66, 95% CI 1.45 to 1.9). HRs for the comorbid hypertension plus MDD group were significantly raised compared with hypertension alone (HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.35). Interaction measured using relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) and likelihood ratios (LRs) were identified at baseline (RERI 0.563, 95% CI 0.189 to 0.938; LR p=0.0116) but not maintained during the follow-up. LIMITATIONS: Possible selection bias in UK Biobank and inability to assess for levels of medication adherence.
conclusionsComorbid hypertension and MDD conferred greater hazard than hypertension alone for adverse cardiovascular outcomes, although evidence of interaction between hypertension and MDD was inconsistent over time. Future cardiovascular risk prediction tools may benefit from the inclusion of questions about prior history of depressive disorders.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.