ArticleBMC infectious diseases2019
Bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis and trichomonal vaginitis among reproductive-aged women seeking primary healthcare in Sana'a city, Yemen.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 89 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of Pro/Prebiotics Alone over Pro/Prebiotics Combined with Conventional Antibiotic Therapy to Treat Bacterial Vaginosis: A Systematic Review.International journal of clinical practice · 2022Pooled it
- Cervicovaginal lavage fluid iron and manganese levels in women with and without vaginitis.BMC women's health · 2026Trial
- Vulvovaginal candidiasis among Yemeni women: prevalence of Candida species, biofilm formation rates, antifungal susceptibility patterns, and biofilm-associated genes ALS1 and HWP1.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Prevalence of different types of vaginitis in Pap-smear samples from the Women's Clinic of Firouzabadi Hospital in Tehran 2019 to 2021.GMS hygiene and infection control · 2026Article
- Bacterial vaginosis, vaginal Candida colonization and antifungal susceptibility patterns in pregnant women of eastern Ethiopia: a prospective study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Candidiasis knowledge, Self-Reported infection history, preventive practices, and associated factors among female tertiary students in Ghana.BMC women's health · 2025Article
- Article
- Antimicrobial activity ofPeerJ · 2025Article
- Mixed Vaginal Infections and Their Predictors Among Women With Abnormal Vaginal Discharges Attending Gynecological Clinics in Western Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study.Interdisciplinary perspectives on infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Resistant C. albicans implicated in recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) among women in a tertiary healthcare facility in Kumasi, Ghana.BMC women's health · 2024Article
- Antifungal susceptibility pattern ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Patient characteristics and factors contributing to recurrence of bacterial vaginosis presented in primary care.Family practice · 2023Article
- Infectious vaginitis among women seeking reproductive health services at a sexual and reproductive health facility in Kampala, Uganda.BMC women's health · 2023Article
- Contraceptive effects on the cervicovaginal microbiome: Recent evidence including randomized trials.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2023Review
- Evaluation and optimization of the syndromic management of female genital tract infections in Nairobi, Kenya.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- The Chitosan-Based System withPharmaceutics · 2022Article
- Mixed Vaginitis in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy Is Associated With Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: A Cross-Sectional Study.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
- Vaginal Infections' Etiologies in South-Eastern Gabon - An Overview.International journal of women's health · 2022Article
- The Antibiofilm Role of Biotics Family in Vaginal Fungal Infections.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- A study on vaginitis among pregnant and non-pregnant females in Alexandria, Egypt: An unexpected high rate of mixed vaginal infection.AIMS microbiology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn Yemen, the underlying causes of infectious vaginitis have been neglected. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV), vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and trichomonal vaginitis (TV) among non-pregnant reproductive-aged women.
methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 347 non-pregnant reproductive-aged women seeking primary healthcare in Sana'a city, Yemen. Data about sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle-related behaviors, routine hygienic practices, menstrual care and history and type of contraceptive intake were collected using a structured questionnaire. Vaginal discharge samples were collected and examined for discharge characteristics and pH by a gynecologist. Then, samples were examined for BV, VVC and TV. Data were analyzed using suitable statistical tests.
resultsVaginal infections were prevalent among 37.6% of reproductive-aged women, where BV was the most prevalent (27.2%). VVC was significantly higher among symptomatic women and significantly associated with itching (P = 0.005). Using bivariate analysis, the age of < 25 years (odds ratio [OR] = 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16-3.10; P = 0.010) and using intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) (OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.09-2.89; P = 0.020) were significantly associated with BV, while history of miscarriage was significantly associated with a lower risk of BV (OR = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.31-0.85, P = 0.009). However, polygyny was significantly associated with VVC (OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.33-8.66; P = 0.007). Multivariable analysis confirmed that age of < 25 years and using IUCD were the independent predictors of BV, while history of miscarriage was an independent protective factor against BV. On the other hand, marriage to a polygamous husband was the independent predictor of VVC.
conclusionsMore than a third of non-pregnant reproductive-aged women seeking PHC in Sana'a have single or mixed infections with BV, VVC or TV. BV is the most frequent cause of vaginitis and is significantly associated with the age of < 25 years and using IUCDs, while VVC is significantly higher among women with polygamous husbands. Health education of polygamous husbands and their wives, regular monitoring of BV among IUCD users and screening women for vaginitis before treatment are recommended.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.