ReviewMicroorganisms2019
Review on Immersion Vaccines for Fish: An Update 2019.
Review in Microorganisms, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 128 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Plasmid-DNA EncodedPharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Evaluation of systemic and mucosal immune responses in Nile tilapia following intraperitoneal and immersion vaccination with inactivated tilapia lake virus (TiLV) vaccine.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The effect ofVeterinarni medicina · 2026Article
- p53 regulates early mucosal immunity via antigen presentation in zebrafish intestine post-SVCV vaccination.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Efficacy of Three Vaccine Regimens Against Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus Transmission Potential in Rainbow Trout.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Nanotechnology-driven strategies for tilapia vaccines: Comparative evaluation of nanoemulsions and silica nanoparticles againstVeterinary world · 2025Review
- Article
- Synergistic Effects of Dietary Tryptophan and Dip Vaccination in the Immune Response of European Seabass Juveniles.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Evaluation of a Low-Temperature Immersion Immunization Strategy for the Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis VirusVaccines · 2024Article
- Fish Iridoviridae: infection, vaccination and immune response.Veterinary research · 2024Review
- Transforming Aquaculture through Vaccination: A Review on Recent Developments and Milestones.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Immunological and molecular diagnostic techniques in fish health: present and future prospectus.Molecular biology reports · 2024Review
- Administration of probiotics affectsFish and shellfish immunology reports · 2023Article
- An Introduction to Relevant Immunology Principles with Respect to Oral Vaccines in Aquaculture.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- Protective effects of immersion immunization of koi withFish and shellfish immunology reports · 2023Article
- Low-temperature immunization attenuates the residual virulence ofJournal of virology · 2023Article
- Article
- Assessment of Salinomycin's Potential to TreatAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Addressing Nanovaccine Strategies for Tilapia.Vaccines · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Immersion vaccines are used for a variety of aquacultured fish to protect against infectious diseases caused by bacteria and viruses. During immersion vaccination the antigens are taken up by the skin, gills or gut and processed by the immune system, where the resulting response may lead to protection. The lack of classical secondary responses following repeated immersion vaccination may partly be explained by the limited uptake of antigens by immersion compared to injection. Administration of vaccines depends on the size of the fish. In most cases, immersion vaccination is inferior to injection vaccination with regard to achieved protection. However, injection is problematic in small fish, and fry as small as 0.5 gram may be immersion vaccinated when they are considered adaptively immunocompetent. Inactivated vaccines are, in many cases, weakly immunogenic, resulting in low protection after immersion vaccination. Therefore, during recent years, several studies have focused on different ways to augment the efficacy of these vaccines. Examples are booster vaccination, administration of immunostimulants/adjuvants, pretreatment with low frequency ultrasound, use of live attenuated and DNA vaccines, preincubation in hyperosmotic solutions, percutaneous application of a multiple puncture instrument and application of more suitable inactivation chemicals. Electrostatic coating with positively charged chitosan to obtain mucoadhesive vaccines and a more efficient delivery of inactivated vaccines has also been successful.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.