ArticleScientific reports2019
Not all birds have a single dominantly expressed MHC-I gene: Transcription suggests that siskins have many highly expressed MHC-I genes.
Article in Scientific reports, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Long read genome unravels MHC I genomic architecture, evolution, and diversity loss iniScience · 2025Article
- The MHC (Major Histocmpatibility Complex) Exceptional Molecules of Birds and Their Relationship to Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The Amphibian Major Histocompatibility Complex-A Review and Future Outlook.Journal of molecular evolution · 2025Review
- HiddenCurrent research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2025Article
- Only rare classical MHC-I alleles are highly expressed in the European house sparrow.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2024Article
- Partial molecular characterization, expression pattern and polymorphism analysis of MHC I genes in Chinese domestic goose (Anser cygnoides).Genetics and molecular biology · 2024Article
- Article
- Coevolution between MHC Class I and Antigen-Processing Genes in Salamanders.Molecular biology and evolution · 2021Article
- Polymorphism and varying selection within the MHC class I of four Anas species.Immunogenetics · 2021Article
- Distinct evolutionary trajectories of MHC class I and class II genes in Old World finches and buntings.Heredity · 2021Article
- Molecular Evolution of Antigen-Processing Genes in Salamanders: Do They Coevolve with MHC Class I Genes?Genome biology and evolution · 2021Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Passerine birds belong to the most species rich bird order and are found in a wide range of habitats. The extremely polymorphic adaptive immune system of passerines, identified through their major histocompatibility complex class I genes (MHC-I), may explain some of this extreme radiation. Recent work has shown that passerines have higher numbers of MHC-I gene copies than other birds, but little is currently known about expression and function of these gene copies. Non-passerine birds have a single highly expressed MHC-I gene copy, a pattern that seems unlikely in passerines. We used high-throughput sequencing to study MHC-I alleles in siskins (Spinus spinus) and determined gene expression, phylogenetic relationships and sequence divergence. We verified between six and 16 MHC-I alleles per individual and 97% of these were expressed. Strikingly, up to five alleles per individual had high expression. Out of 88 alleles 18 were putatively non-classical with low sequence divergence and expression, and found in a single phylogenetic cluster. The remaining 70 alleles were classical, with high sequence divergence and variable degrees of expression. Our results contradict the suggestion that birds only have a single dominantly expressed MHC-I gene by demonstrating several highly expressed MHC-I gene copies in a passerine.
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