ArticleJournal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)2020
Antiretroviral Therapy Concentrations Differ in Gut vs. Lymph Node Tissues and Are Associated With HIV Viral Transcription by a Novel RT-ddPCR Assay.
Article in Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of raltegravir in achieving virological suppression at delivery in HIV-positive pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Pooled it
- Doubling dolutegravir dosage reduces the viral reservoir in ART-treated people with HIV.eLife · 2026Trial
- Impact of Dolutegravir Plus Lamivudine as First-line Antiretroviral Treatment on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reservoir and Inflammatory Markers in Peripheral Blood.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic investigation of raltegravir with or without lamivudine in the context of HIV-1 pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2021Trial
- Impact of Switching to Long-Acting Injectable Cabotegravir Plus Rilpivirine on Rectal HIV-1 RNA Shedding and Implications for Transmission Risk.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- HIV and the gut: implications for HIV persistence, immune dysfunction and cure strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- HIV transcription persists in the brain of virally suppressed people with HIV.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Effect of ABCB1 most frequent polymorphisms on the accumulation of bictegravir in recombinant HEK293 cell lines.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Applying improved ddPCR to reliable quantification of MPXV in clinical settings.Microbiology spectrum · 2024Article
- Broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting HIV: Progress and challenges.Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) · 2023Review
- Ongoing HIV replication in lymph node sanctuary sites in treated individuals contributes to the total latent HIV at a very slow rate.Journal of theoretical biology · 2023Article
- Lipid nanocarrier targeting activated macrophages for antiretroviral therapy of HIV reservoir.Nanomedicine (London, England) · 2023Article
- Controversies in the Design of Strategies for the Cure of HIV Infection.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Antiretroviral drug exposure in lymph nodes is heterogeneous and drug dependent.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2022Article
- Droplet digital PCR of viral DNA/RNA, current progress, challenges, and future perspectives.Journal of medical virology · 2021Review
- Quantitative Imaging Analysis of the Spatial Relationship between Antiretrovirals, Reverse Transcriptase Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus RNA, and Collagen in the Mesenteric Lymph Nodes of Nonhuman Primates.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2021Article
- Pharmacology of HIV Cure: Site of Action.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2021Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMost HIV-infected cells during antiretroviral therapy (ART) persist in lymphoid tissues. Studies disagree on whether suboptimal tissue ART concentrations contribute to ongoing HIV replication during viral suppression.
methodsWe performed a cross-sectional study in virally-suppressed HIV+ participants measuring lymphoid tissue ART [darunavir (DRV), atazanavir (ATV), and raltegravir (RAL)] concentrations by LC-MS/MS assay. Tissue and plasma ART concentrations were used to estimate TPRs and drug-specific tissue:inhibitory concentration ratios (TICs). HIV DNA and sequentially produced HIV RNA transcripts were quantified from rectal biopsies using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assays.
resultsTissue samples were collected in duplicate from 19 participants: 38 rectal, 8 ileal (4 RAL, 2 DRV, 2 ATV), and 6 lymph node (4 RAL, 2 DRV) samples. Overall, median TICs were higher for RAL than DRV or ATV (both P = 0.006). Median TICs were lower in lymph nodes vs. ileum (0.49 vs. 143, P = 0.028) or rectum (33, P = 0.019), and all ART levels were below target concentrations. Higher rectal TICs were associated with lower HIV RNA transcripts (read-through, long LTR, and Nef, P all < 0.026) and a lower long LTR RNA/long LTR DNA ratio (P = 0.021).
conclusionsWe observed higher tissue ART concentrations in ileum and rectum compared with lymph nodes. We observed higher HIV transcription in participants with lower rectal ART concentrations. These findings add to the limited data supporting the idea that viral transcription may be influenced by ART concentrations in lymphoid tissues. Further exploration of tissue pharmacokinetics is needed in future HIV eradication strategies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.