ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2020
Traumatic Brain Injury and Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB): Underlying Pathophysiological Mechanisms and the Influence of Cigarette Smoking as a Premorbid Condition.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 96 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Experimental Study on Changes in the Structure of the Blood-Brain Barrier after Treatment with Bevacizumab for Traumatic Cerebral Edema.Neurocritical care · 2026Article
- Blood-brain barrier breakdown in traumatic brain injury: current insights and future directions.Cancer gene therapy · 2026Review
- Innovative Biomaterials for Modulating Neuroinflammation and Promoting Repair After Traumatic Brain Injury.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Sex-specific effects of fecal microbiota transplantation on TBI-exacerbated Alzheimer's pathology in mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Article
- Experimental study of cerebral edema and expression of VEGF and AQP4 in the penumbra area of rat brain trauma.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Unraveling cell death mechanisms in traumatic brain injury: dynamic roles of ferroptosis and necroptosis.Molecular biology reports · 2025Review
- Involvement of RhoA/ROCK Signaling Pathway in Methamphetamine-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- Sex-specific effects of fecal microbiota transplantation on TBI-exacerbated Alzheimer's disease pathology in mice.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Pathophysiological pathways of post-traumatic stress disorder in relation to traumatic brain injury: An observational cross-sectional study.SAGE open medicine · 2025Article
- Neuroimmune suppression and anhedonia in post-traumatic stress disorder: connecting central and peripheral immunity.Psychoradiology · 2025Article
- Receptor-Assisted Nanotherapeutics for Overcoming the Blood-Brain Barrier.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Review
- Effect of Bevacizumab on traumatic penumbra brain edema in rats at different time points.Tissue barriers · 2024Article
- Dose-Dependent Tranexamic Acid Blunting of Penumbral Leukocyte Mobilization and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Following Traumatic Brain Injury: An In Vivo Murine Study.Neurocritical care · 2024Article
- Microglia-induced neuroinflammation in hippocampal neurogenesis following traumatic brain injury.Heliyon · 2024Review
- Organoids and chimeras: the hopeful fusion transforming traumatic brain injury research.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2024Review
- Inflammatory response in traumatic brain and spinal cord injury: The role of XCL1-XCR1 axis and T cells.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2024Review
- Microglial histone deacetylase 2 is dispensable for functional and histological outcomes in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2024Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is among the most pressing global health issues and prevalent causes of cerebrovascular and neurological disorders all over the world. In addition to the brain injury, TBI may also alter the systemic immune response. Thus, TBI patients become vulnerable to infections, have worse neurological outcomes, and exhibit a higher rate of mortality and morbidity. It is well established that brain injury leads to impairments of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and function, contributing to the loss of neural tissue and affecting the response to neuroprotective drugs. Thus, stabilization/protection of the BBB after TBI could be a promising strategy to limit neuronal inflammation, secondary brain damage, and acute neurodegeneration. Herein, we present a review highlighting the significant post-traumatic effects of TBI on the cerebrovascular system. These include the loss of BBB integrity and selective permeability, impact on BBB transport mechanisms, post-traumatic cerebral edema formation, and significant pathophysiological factors that may further exacerbate post-traumatic BBB dysfunctions. Furthermore, we discuss the post-traumatic impacts of chronic smoking, which has been recently shown to act as a premorbid condition that impairs post-TBI recovery. Indeed, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with TBI damage is essential to better understand the pathogenesis and progression of post-traumatic secondary brain injury and the development of targeted treatments to improve outcomes and speed up the recovery process. Therapies aimed at restoring/protecting the BBB may reduce the post-traumatic burden of TBI by minimizing the impairment of brain homeostasis and help to restore an optimal microenvironment to support neuronal repair.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.