Trial reportThe Journal of nutrition2020
Evenly Distributed Protein Intake over 3 Meals Augments Resistance Exercise-Induced Muscle Hypertrophy in Healthy Young Men.
Trial report in The Journal of nutrition, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Protein Requirements of Pre-Menopausal Female Athletes: Systematic Literature Review.Nutrients · 2020Pooled it
- Muscle-Related Effect of Whey Protein and Vitamin DNutrients · 2022Trial
- Malnutrition and Sarcopenia in Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders: Mechanisms, Assessment, and Management.Current gastroenterology reports · 2026Review
- Obesity medications and precision nutrition: synergistic interventions and integrated approach in obesity management.Current obesity reports · 2026Review
- Muscle loss and GLP-1R agonists use.Acta diabetologica · 2026Review
- Can We Maintain Muscle Mass on a Plant-Based Diet?Current nutrition reports · 2025Review
- Nutritional Considerations During Major Weight Loss Therapy: Focus on Optimal Protein and a Low-Carbohydrate Dietary Pattern.Current nutrition reports · 2024Review
- Timing matters? The effects of two different timing of high protein diets on body composition, muscular performance, and biochemical markers in resistance-trained males.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Skeletal Muscle in Response to Aerobic Exercise and Protein Intake.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Resistance training rejuvenates aging skin by reducing circulating inflammatory factors and enhancing dermal extracellular matrices.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Bodybuilding Coaching Strategies Meet Evidence-Based Recommendations: A Qualitative Approach.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2023Article
- Protein Intake in NCAA Division 1 Soccer Players: Assessment of Daily Amounts, Distribution Patterns, and Leucine Levels as a Quality Indicator.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Does Timing Matter? A Narrative Review of Intermittent Fasting Variants and Their Effects on Bodyweight and Body Composition.Nutrients · 2022Review
- Relationship Between Protein Intake in Each Traditional Meal and Physical Activity: Cross-sectional Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2022Article
- Strategies to Prevent Sarcopenia in the Aging Process: Role of Protein Intake and Exercise.Nutrients · 2021Review
- Protein Requirements for Master Athletes: Just Older Versions of Their Younger Selves.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2021Review
- A Muscle-Centric Perspective on Intermittent Fasting: A Suboptimal Dietary Strategy for Supporting Muscle Protein Remodeling and Muscle Mass?Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Article
- Protein Distribution and Muscle-Related Outcomes: Does the Evidence Support the Concept?Nutrients · 2020Review
- Acute Effect of the Timing of Resistance Exercise and Nutrient Intake on Muscle Protein Breakdown.Nutrients · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAlthough daily protein intake (PI) has been reported to be essential for regulating muscle mass, the distribution of daily PI in individuals is typically the lowest at breakfast and skewed toward dinner. Skewed protein intake patterns and inadequate PI at breakfast were reported to be negative factors for muscle maintenance.
objectivesThis study examined whether a protein-enriched meal at breakfast is more effective for muscle accretion compared with the typical skewed PI pattern.
methodsThis 12-wk, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial included 26 men (means ± SEs; age: 20.8 ± 0.4 y; BMI: 21.8 ± 0.4 kg/m2). The "high breakfast" (HBR) group (n = 12) consumed a protein-enriched meal at breakfast providing a PI of 0.33 g/kg body weight (BW); their PI at lunch (0.46 g/kg BW) and dinner (0.48 g/kg BW) provided an adequate overall daily PI (1.30 g/kg BW/d). The "low breakfast" (LBR) group (n = 14) consumed 0.12 g protein/kg BW at breakfast; intakes at lunch (0.45 g/kg BW) and dinner (0.83 g/kg BW) yielded the same daily PI as in the HBR group. The participants performed supervised resistance training (RT) 3 times per week (75-80% 1-repetition maximum; 3 sets × 10 repetitions). DXA was used to measure the primary outcome variable, that is, total lean soft tissue mass (LTM).
resultsThe total LTM at baseline did not differ between the HBR (52.4 ± 1.3 kg) and LBR (53.4 ± 1.2 kg) groups. After the intervention, increases in total LTM were significant in both groups, with that in the HBR group (2.5 ± 0.3 kg) tending to be greater than that in the LBR group (1.8 ± 0.3 kg) (P = 0.06), with a large effect size (Cohen d = 0.795).
conclusionsFor RT-induced muscle hypertrophy in healthy young men, consuming a protein-enriched meal at breakfast and less protein at dinner while achieving an adequate overall PI is more effective than consuming more protein at dinner.This study was registered at University hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN) Clinical Trials Registry as UMIN000037583 (https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000042763).
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.