ReviewFrontiers in immunology2020
Mechanisms of Fetal T Cell Tolerance and Immune Regulation.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 94 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
94 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 168 citations in OpenAlex.
- Regulatory T Cells in Pregnancy Adverse Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Vaccine Responses in Early Age.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Microchimerism: The Hidden Cellular Dialogue Between Mother and Fetal That Shapes Lifelong Immunity.Expert reviews in molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Segmental specification of the human female fetal reproductive tract revealed by spatiotemporal dynamics.Nature cell biology · 2026Article
- Review
- In Utero Molecular-Targeted Drug Therapies: Translational Principles, Pharmacologic Considerations, and Emerging Clinical Applications.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Maternal Microbiome in Fetal Programming: A One Health Perspective on Translational Implications for Early-Life Health.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Characteristics, Epigenetics, and Management of Non-Infectious Preterm Birth-Sterile Intrauterine Inflammation and Idiopathic Preterm Birth.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- First-year dynamics of the plasma virome and cytokine profile in infants born to mothers with syphilis.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Sex Hormones-Mediated Modulation of Immune Checkpoints in Pregnancy and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- TCR repertoire shaping of naïve T cell subsets in human ontogeny.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Impact of maternal visceral leishmaniasis on sex-specific immune responses and pathogenesis in offspring following homologous infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Oral and Craniofacial Development and Immunology.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Multifaceted regulation of thymic tolerance by pattern recognition cascades.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Neonatal and pediatric thymic grafts generate similar human T-cell chimerism in humanized mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Sex-related differences in survival based on [Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation · 2026Article
- Human amnion epithelial cells induce M2 macrophage polarisation partially via M-CSF secretion but independently of extracellular vesiclesFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Immune Cells in Preeclampsia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Maternal Systemic Inflammation and Fetal Thymic Size in Diabetic Pregnancies: Predictive Role of Hematological Biomarkers.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Recent advances in mucopolysaccharidosis IVA treatment.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2025Review
34 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The developing human fetus generates both tolerogenic and protective immune responses in response to the unique requirements of gestation. Thus, a successful human pregnancy depends on a fine balance between two opposing immunological forces: the semi-allogeneic fetus learns to tolerate both self- and maternal- antigens and, in parallel, develops protective immunity in preparation for birth. This critical window of immune development bridges prenatal immune tolerance with the need for postnatal environmental protection, resulting in a vulnerable neonatal period with heightened risk of infection. The fetal immune system is highly specialized to mediate this transition and thus serves a different function from that of the adult. Adaptive immune memory is already evident in the fetal intestine. Fetal T cells with pro-inflammatory potential are born in a tolerogenic environment and are tightly controlled by both cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms, suggesting that compartmentalization and specialization, rather than immaturity, define the fetal immune system. Dysregulation of fetal tolerance generates an inflammatory response with deleterious effects to the pregnancy. This review aims to discuss the recent advances in our understanding of the cellular and molecular composition of fetal adaptive immunity and the mechanisms that govern T cell development and function. We also discuss the tolerance promoting environment that impacts fetal immunity and the consequences of its breakdown. A greater understanding of fetal mechanisms of immune activation and regulation has the potential to uncover novel paradigms of immune balance which may be leveraged to develop therapies for transplantation, autoimmune disease, and birth-associated inflammatory pathologies.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.