ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2021
High Rates of Recurrent Tuberculosis Disease: A Population-level Cohort Study.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed.
- Long-term mortality after tuberculosis treatment among persons living with HIV in Haiti.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2021Trial
- The role of neighborhood factors in the cumulative number of episodes of recurrent tuberculosis in Cape Town.Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2026Article
- Granulomas microenvironment-guided sono-immunotherapy to treat and prevent recurrence of tuberculosis.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Long-term Mortality Trends Among Individuals With Tuberculosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Individuals Diagnosed With Tuberculosis in Brazil.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Characteristics of Individuals With Advanced HIV Disease and Risk Factors for Mortality in a Contemporary Cohort in South Africa.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota and tuberculosis infection: interaction and therapeutic potential.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Clinical outcomes of participants of a TB prevalence survey with an abnormal chest X-ray but no evidence of TB disease after a median follow-up of 9 months in Zambia and South Africa.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Post-tuberculosis treatment paradoxical reactions.Infection · 2024Review
- Recurrent Pulmonary Tuberculosis in China, 2005 to 2021.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Time until tuberculosis recurrence and associated factors in Brazil: a populationbased retrospective cohort study using a linked database.Revista brasileira de epidemiologia = Brazilian journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Comparative risk of serious infections and tuberculosis in Korean patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with non-anti-TNF biologics or anti-TNF-α agents: a nationwide population-based cohort study.Therapeutic advances in gastroenterology · 2024Article
- Role of B Cells in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Recurrence Rate of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Patients Treated with the Standard 6-Month Regimen: Findings and Implications from a Prospective Observational Multicenter Study.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Article
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- End-point definition and trial design to advance tuberculosis vaccine development.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2022Review
- Therapeutic Vaccines for Tuberculosis: An Overview.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Risk factors associated with tuberculosis recurrence in South Korea determined using a nationwide cohort study.PloS one · 2022Article
- Clinical and Imaging Features of Adults with Recurrent Pulmonary Tuberculosis - A Prospective Case-Controlled Study.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2021Article
- Recurrent Tuberculosis Disease in Singapore.Open forum infectious diseases · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRetreatment tuberculosis (TB) disease is common in high-prevalence settings. The risk of repeated episodes of recurrent TB is unknown. We calculated the rate of recurrent TB per subsequent episode by matching individual treatment episodes over a period of 13 years.
methodsAll recorded TB episodes in Cape Town between 2003 and 2016 were matched by probabilistic linkage of personal identifiers. Among individuals with a first episode notified in Cape Town and who completed their prior treatment successfully we estimated the recurrence rate stratified by subsequent episode and HIV status. We adjusted person-time to background mortality by age, sex, and HIV status.
resultsA total of 292 915 TB episodes among 263 848 individuals were included. The rate of recurrent TB was 16.4 per 1000 person-years (95% CI, 16.2-16.6), and increased per subsequent episode (8.4-fold increase, from 14.6 to 122.7 per 1000 from episode 2 to 6, respectively). These increases were similar stratified by HIV status. Rates among HIV positives were higher than among HIV negatives for episodes 2 and 3 (2- and 1.5-fold higher, respectively), and the same thereafter.
conclusionsTB recurrence rates were high and increased per subsequent episode, independent of HIV status. This suggests that HIV infection is insufficient to explain the high burden of recurrence; it is more likely due to a high annual risk of infection combined with an increased risk of infection or progression to disease associated with a previous TB episode. The very high recurrence rates would justify increased TB surveillance of patients with >1 episode.
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