ArticleJournal of neuroinflammation2020
High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves functional recovery by inhibiting neurotoxic polarization of astrocytes in ischemic rats.
Article in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 87 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
87 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 180 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of different repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation modalities on sleep function and depression in patients with post-stroke sleep disorders: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Network meta-analysis of non-pharmacological interventions for cognitive impairment after an ischemic stroke.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Pooled it
- Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation impacts the executive function of patients with vascular cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Pooled it
- Mapping the Landscape of Magnetic Field Effects on Neural Regeneration and Repair: A Combined Systematic Review, Mathematical Model, and Meta-Analysis.Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Trial
- Repetitive deep TMS in alcohol dependent patients halts progression of white matter changes in early abstinence.Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2024Trial
- High-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Attenuates Post-Stroke Brain Fibrosis by Increasing Brain-Derived Estrogen Levels: A Dual-Tracer PET/CT Study.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Sinomenine Liposomes Alleviate Neuropathic Pain in a Spared Nerve Injury Model by Regulating Astrocyte Reactivity Associated with Inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 Pathway.Neurochemical research · 2026Article
- Neuromodulation Techniques Alleviating Neuropathic Pain by Targeting Microglia: A Narrative Review.Pain and therapy · 2026Review
- Dysregulation of exosomal miRNAs in A2 astrocytes under oxygen-glucose deprivation is associated with neuronal pyroptosis: a role for miR-139-5p in targeting NLRP3.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2026Article
- Effects of noninvasive brain stimulation on motor functions in animal models of ischemia and trauma in the central nervous system.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation mitigates perioperative neurocognitive disorders by regulating the function of the glymphatic system.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Overexpression of PGRMC2 in astrocytes improved cognitive function in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease by modulating neuroinflammation.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Applications and potential mechanisms of transcranial magnetic stimulation in autism spectrum disorders.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- USP11-PGAM5 Axis Promotes Neurotoxic Astrocyte Reactivity by Aggravating the mtDNA-cGAS-STING Pathway After Intracerebral Hemorrhage.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- rTMS for treatment resistant depression - a single center community experience.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- METTL16 Promotes Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via mInternational journal of general medicine · 2026Article
- The applications of TMS in brain function assessment and treatment of mental disorders: a narrative review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
- NEO1 modulates the A1 astrocyte polarization in subarachnoid hemorrhage through the cPLA2-MAVS signaling pathway.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Improves Cognitive Impairment via the Regulation of White Matter Injury in Rats With Ischemic Stroke.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
27 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive treatment for ischemic stroke. Astrocytes regulation has been suggested as one mechanism for rTMS effectiveness. But how rTMS regulates astrocytes remains largely undetermined. There were neurotoxic and neuroprotective phenotypes of astrocytes (also denoted as classically and alternatively activated astrocytes or A1 and A2 astrocytes) pertaining to pro- or anti-inflammatory gene expression. Pro-inflammatory or neurotoxic polarized astrocytes were induced during cerebral ischemic stroke. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of rTMS on astrocytic polarization during cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury.
methodsThree rTMS protocols were applied to primary astrocytes under normal and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) conditions. Cell survival, proliferation, and phenotypic changes were assessed after 2-day treatment. Astrocytes culture medium (ACM) from control, OGD/R, and OGD/R + rTMS groups were mixed with neuronal medium to culture neurons for 48 h and 7 days, in order to explore the influence on neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity. In vivo, rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and received posterior orbital intravenous injection of ACM collected from different groups at reperfusion, and at 3 days post reperfusion. The apoptosis in the ischemic penumbra, infarct volumes, and the modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS) were evaluated at 1 week after reperfusion, and cognitive functions were evaluated using the Morris Water Maze (MWM) tests. Finally, the 10 Hz rTMS was directly applied to MCAO rats to verify the rTMS effects on astrocytic polarization.
resultsAmong these three frequencies, the 10 Hz protocol exerted the greatest potential to modulate astrocytic polarization after OGD/R injury. Classically activated and A1 markers were significantly inhibited by rTMS treatment. In OGD/R model, the concentration of pro-inflammatory mediator TNF-α decreased from 57.7 to 23.0 рg/mL, while anti-inflammatory mediator IL-10 increased from 99.0 to 555.1 рg/mL in the ACM after rTMS treatment. The ACM collected from rTMS-treated astrocytes significantly alleviated neuronal apoptosis induced by OGD/R injury, and promoted neuronal plasticity. In MCAO rat model, the ACM collected from rTMS treatment decreased neuronal apoptosis and infarct volumes, and improved cognitive functions. The neurotoxic astrocytes were simultaneously inhibited after rTMS treatment.
conclusionInhibition of neurotoxic astrocytic polarization is a potential mechanism for the effectiveness of high-frequency rTMS in cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.