ReviewEndocrine reviews2020
The Evolution of Insulin and How it Informs Therapy and Treatment Choices.
Review in Endocrine reviews, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05124457 (A Phase 2 Open Label Randomized Controlled Trial Determir Vs Neutral Protamine Hagedorn), which is not on this map. Cited by 82 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Phase 2 Open Label Randomized Controlled Trial Determir Vs Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) In Pregnant Women: DETERMINE Study
Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 218 citations in OpenAlex.
- Early subcutaneous basal insulin with intravenous insulin infusion for diabetic ketoacidosis management: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Pooled it
- iCatCare 2025 consensus guidelines on the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus in cats.Journal of feline medicine and surgery · 2025Guideline
- American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update.Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists · 2022Guideline
- Efficacy and safety of efsubaglutide alfa in individuals with type 2 diabetes (SUPER1): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase IIb/III trial.Diabetologia · 2026Trial
- Article
- Exploring the therapeutic response to sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibition in INSR-related insulin resistance monogenic diabetes: case-based analysis and narrative review.Acta diabetologica · 2026Article
- Damping amyloid-associated conformational fluctuations in a protein by an engineered diselenide bridge.Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society · 2026Article
- Peptide Hormones in Appetite Regulation: A Complex Network.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Enhanced Therapeutic Efficacy of Lispro-Protamine Insulin Via Vanadate and Decavanadate Functionalization in a Type 1 Diabetes Murine Model.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Efficient Oral Insulin Delivery Through Thiolated Trimethyl Chitosan-Grafted β-Cyclodextrin Nanoparticles.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Current Situation on Diabetes Management: New Weapons Fighting the Disease in 2025.Current drug targets · 2026Review
- Understanding the Increasing Prevalence of Obesity in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes: Strategies for Improving Clinical Care.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2025Review
- Review
- Optimising cardiac surgery outcomes in people with diabetes: the OCTOPuS pilot feasibility study.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2025Article
- An Overview of Currently Available Injectable Therapies in Diabetes: A Guide to Practitioners.Advances in therapy · 2025Review
- ST8Sia6 overexpression protects pancreatic β cells from spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
- Modulation of insulin receptor activation through controlled folding of peptide ligands.Organic & biomolecular chemistry · 2025Article
- Scaffold-free endocrine tissue engineering: role of islet organization and implications in type 1 diabetes.BMC endocrine disorders · 2025Review
- Molecular Research on Diabetes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- How to improve the quality of euglycemic glucose clamp tests in long-acting insulin studies.Trials · 2025Article
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Insulin has been available for the treatment of diabetes for almost a century, and the variety of insulin choices today represents many years of discovery and innovation. Insulin has gone from poorly defined extracts of animal pancreata to pure and precisely controlled formulations that can be prescribed and administered with high accuracy and predictability of action. Modifications of the insulin formulation and of the insulin molecule itself have made it possible to approximate the natural endogenous insulin response. Insulin and insulin formulations had to be designed to produce either a constant low basal level of insulin or the spikes of insulin released in response to meals. We discuss how the biochemical properties of endogenous insulin were exploited to either shorten or extend the time-action profiles of injectable insulins by varying the pharmacokinetics (time for appearance of insulin in the blood after injection) and pharmacodynamics (time-dependent changes in blood sugar after injection). This has resulted in rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulins, as well as mixtures and concentrated formulations. An understanding of how various insulins and formulations were designed to solve the challenges of insulin replacement will assist clinicians in meeting the needs of their individual patients.
Indexed as
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.