Observational studyMedicine2020
Soluble PD-L1: a potential immune marker for HIV-1 infection and virological failure.
Observational study in Medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Increased IFN responses drive myeloid cell activation in people living with HIV-1.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Effect of Machine Learning on Risk Stratification for Antiretroviral Treatment Failure in People Living with HIV.Infection and drug resistance · 2025Article
- Persistently Elevated Expression of Systemic, Soluble Co-Inhibitory Immune Checkpoint Molecules in People Living with HIV before and One Year after Antiretroviral Therapy.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Observational
- Different Prognostic Role of Soluble PD-L1 in the Course of Severe and Non-Severe COVID-19.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Regulation of PD-L1 Expression by Nuclear Receptors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Soluble immune checkpoints as correlates for HIV persistence and T cell function in people with HIV on antiretroviral therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Active PD-L1 incorporation within HIV virions functionally impairs T follicular helper cells.PLoS pathogens · 2022Article
- Circulating Levels of PD-L1, TIM-3 and MMP-7 Are Promising Biomarkers to Differentiate COVID-19 Patients That Require Invasive Mechanical Ventilation.Biomolecules · 2022Article
- Upregulation of PD-1 Expression and High sPD-L1 Levels Associated with COVID-19 Severity.Journal of immunology research · 2022Article
- Soluble Immune Checkpoints Are Dysregulated in COVID-19 and Heavy Alcohol Users With HIV Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Soluble Programmed Death Ligand-1 (sPD-L1): A Pool of Circulating Proteins Implicated in Health and Diseases.Cancers · 2021Review
- Identification of the Immunological Changes Appearing in the CSF During the Early Immunosenescence Process Occurring in Multiple Sclerosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Despite viral control, basal chronic inflammation and its related comorbidities remain unsolved problems among HIV-infected individuals. Soluble factors derived from myeloid cells have emerged as potent markers associated with HIV-related comorbidities and mortality. In the present report, we explored the relationship between soluble programmed death-ligand 1 (sPD-L1) and HIV-1 infection, antiretroviral therapy (ART), CD4/CD8 ratio, viral load (VL), and sexually transmitted coinfections.A prospective observational study on 49 HIV-1 infected adults.We found sPD-L1 levels were significantly higher in 49 HIV infected subjects than in 30 uninfected adults (1.05 ng/ml vs 0.52 ng/ml; P < .001). In this line, sPD-L1 levels were found to be elevated in 16 HIV infected subjects with undetectable VL compared with the uninfected subjects (0.75 ng/ml vs 0.52 ng/ml; P = .02). Thirteen ART-treated individuals with virological failure exhibited the highest sPDL1 levels, which were significantly higher than both 20 ART naïve infected individuals (1.68 ng/ml vs 0.87 ng/ml; P = .003) and the 16 ART-treated individuals with suppressed viremia (1.68 ng/ml vs 0.79 ng/ml; P = 002). Entire cohort data showed a statistically significant positive correlation between VL and sPD-L1 levels in plasma (r = 0.3; P = 036).Our findings reveal sPDL-1 as a potential biomarker for HIV infection especially interesting in those individuals with virological failure.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.