ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2020
Sodium Intake and Chronic Kidney Disease.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 87 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
87 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 141 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of sodium bicarbonate, cholecalciferol, and protein supplementation interventions on muscle mass and metabolic disturbances in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Real experience of young and middle-aged hemodialysis patients: a qualitative meta-synthesis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Salt Taste Function and Perception Impairments in Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Nurse-Led Digital Intervention for Sodium Restriction in Chronic Kidney Disease: Mixed Methods Implementation Study.JMIR nursing · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Effectiveness of an mHealth- and School-Based Health Education Program for Salt Reduction (EduSaltS) in China: Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial Within Scale-Up.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Trial
- Effect of a Low Salt Diet on the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Prospective, Open-Label, Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of primary care & community healthTrial
- Dietary Salt Intake and Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease.Electrolyte & blood pressure : E & BP · 2026Review
- Article
- Salt and chronic kidney disease.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2026Review
- The Hidden Burden of Water-Binding Additives in Meat Products: Biochemical, Clinical, and Psychosocial Implications.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2026Review
- Determinants of High Salt Intake in Croatian Adults: Evidence from 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion in the EH-UH 2 Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Sodium load of novel antibiotics: considerations for nephrologists and clinicians.International urology and nephrology · 2026Review
- Low Dietary Iodine Intake and Sex-Specific Mortality in Kidney Transplant Recipients.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2026Observational
- Optimal patient care in advanced chronic kidney disease progressing to kidney failure.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2026Review
- The impact of social determinants of health on acute kidney injury.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2026Review
- The association of urinary sodium with incident apparent treatment resistant hypertension among African Americans: findings from the Jackson Heart Study.Journal of human hypertension · 2026Article
- Testosterone Exposure During Fetal Masculinization Programming Window Determines the Kidney Size in Adult Mice.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Article
- Multifactorial chronic kidney disease and the kidney capacity-workload balance.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2026Review
- The urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio can direct personalized prevention and treatment for cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease.Journal of internal medicine · 2026Review
27 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients, elevated blood pressure (BP) is a frequent finding and is traditionally considered a direct consequence of their sodium sensitivity. Indeed, sodium and fluid retention, causing hypervolemia, leads to the development of hypertension in CKD. On the other hand, in non-dialysis CKD patients, salt restriction reduces BP levels and enhances anti-proteinuric effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors in non-dialysis CKD patients. However, studies on the long-term effect of low salt diet (LSD) on cardio-renal prognosis showed controversial findings. The negative results might be the consequence of measurement bias (spot urine and/or single measurement), reverse epidemiology, as well as poor adherence to diet. In end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), dialysis remains the only effective means to remove dietary sodium intake. The mismatch between intake and removal of sodium leads to fluid overload, hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy, therefore worsening the prognosis of ESKD patients. This imposes the implementation of a LSD in these patients, irrespective of the lack of trials proving the efficacy of this measure in these patients. LSD is, therefore, a rational and basic tool to correct fluid overload and hypertension in all CKD stages. The implementation of LSD should be personalized, similarly to diuretic treatment, keeping into account the volume status and true burden of hypertension evaluated by ambulatory BP monitoring.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.