ReviewDiabetologia2020
Real-world evidence: the devil is in the detail.
Review in Diabetologia, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Real-World Evidence of Automated Insulin Delivery System Use.Diabetes technology & therapeutics · 2024Pooled it
- Association Between Aromatase Inhibitors and Myocardial Infarction Morbidity in Women With Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.Cancer control : journal of the Moffitt Cancer CenterPooled it
- Real-World Treatment Adherence and Persistence with C5 Inhibitor Therapy Versus Satralizumab in Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder in Japan.Neurology and therapy · 2026Article
- Letter re: Chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy versus physical therapist-led exercise and the risk of cauda equine syndrome in adults with lumbar disc herniation, stenosis, or radiculopathy.PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Real-World Imaging Data: Opportunities and Challenges.JMIR medical informatics · 2026Article
- Chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy versus physical therapist-led exercise and the risk of cauda equina syndrome in adults with lumbar disc herniation, stenosis, or radiculopathy.PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Pathways to Real World Evidence From the Real World of School-Based Physical Fitness Testing (SB-PFT).Learning health systems · 2026Article
- Representativeness and external comparability of the InGef research database for epidemiological studies in Germany.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Addressing Unmet Needs in the Management of Small Cell Lung Cancer: Treatment of Brain Metastases, Quality of Life, and the Role of Real-World Evidence.Current treatment options in oncology · 2026Review
- Cannabidiol/cannabigerol exposure and neuropathy-related outcomes after neurotoxic chemotherapy: a real-world cohort study.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Short and Long-Term Outcomes in Kidney Transplant Recipients with Neutropenia or Leukopenia Following CMV Prophylaxis.Journal of health economics and outcomes research · 2026Article
- Review
- A Practical Approach to Understanding Real-World Study Methodology in Cancer Research: A Vodcast.Oncology and therapy · 2025Article
- Exploring the predictive values of ABSI and BRI in premature coronary artery disease based on a real world study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Real world evidence of insulin and biosimilar insulin therapy-Opportunities to improve adherence, outcomes and cost-effectiveness.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Review
- Association between combined oral contraceptive prescription and cervical artery dissection: A retrospective cohort study.Thrombosis research · 2025Article
- A future of data-rich pharmacoepidemiology studies: transitioning to large-scale linked electronic health record + claims data.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Association between chiropractic spinal manipulation for sciatica and opioid-related adverse events: A retrospective cohort study.PloS one · 2025Article
- Association Between Spinal Manipulation, Butalbital Prescription, and Medication Overuse Headache in Adults With Tension-Type Headache: Retrospective Cohort Study.Health science reports · 2024Article
- Usefulness and caveats of real-world data for research on hypertension and its association with cardiovascular or renal disease in Japan.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Much has been written about real-world evidence (RWE), a concept that offers an understanding of the effects of healthcare interventions using routine clinical data. The reflection of diverse real-world practices is a double-edged sword that makes RWE attractive but also opens doors to several biases that need to be minimised both in the design and analytical phases of non-experimental studies. Additionally, it is critical to ensure that researchers who conduct these studies possess adequate methodological expertise and ability to accurately implement these methods. Critical design elements to be considered should include a clearly defined research question using a causal inference framework, choice of a fit-for-purpose data source, inclusion of new users of a treatment with comparators that are as similar as possible to that group, accurately classifying person-time and deciding censoring approaches. Having taken measures to minimise bias 'by design', the next step is to implement appropriate analytical techniques (for example propensity scores) to minimise the remnant potential biases. A clear protocol should be provided at the beginning of the study and a report of the results after, including caveats to consider. We also point the readers to readings on some novel analytical methods as well as newer areas of application of RWE. While there is no one-size-fits-all solution to evaluating RWE studies, we have focused our discussion on key methods and issues commonly encountered in comparative observational cohort studies with the hope that readers are better equipped to evaluate non-experimental studies that they encounter in the future. Graphical abstract.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.