ReviewAnnual review of microbiology2020
Polymorphic Toxins and Their Immunity Proteins: Diversity, Evolution, and Mechanisms of Delivery.
Review in Annual review of microbiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 85 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
85 citing papers in PubMed.
- In vitro reconstitution implicates multiple OMP assembly factors in CdiAThe Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- A type VI secretion ADP-ribosyltransferase Rhs toxin selectively modifies charged tRNAThr(GGU) anticodon loops to block ACC codon decoding.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
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- Bacterial weaponry and the ecological factors of competitive success.Essays in biochemistry · 2026Review
- ABPs: diffusible antibacterial toxins secreted by and active against diverse gram-positive bacteria.Infection and immunity · 2026Review
- Characterization of Two Rhs-Family Nuclease Toxins, YPO3609 and YPO3615, inMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Molecular basis of type VI secretion system effector loading.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- An ART-fold Rhs toxin from Pluralibacter gergoviae defines Tne5, a novel family of NAD(P) glycohydrolases effectors.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- Metagenomic polymorphic toxin effector and immunity profiling predicts microbiome development and disease-related dysbiosis.mSystems · 2026Article
- Initial identification of genomic islands in Taylorella equigenitalis and Taylorella asinigenitalis and their distribution in isolates from around the world.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Minor hemolysin-coregulated proteins (Hcp) form heteromeric complexes and mediate effector secretion in Bacteroidales type VI secretion systems.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
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- Elongation Factor Tu Acts as a Chaperone to Activate an Antibacterial RNase Toxin.Molecular microbiology · 2026Article
- Tke5 is a Pseudomonas putida toxin that kills plant pathogens by depolarising membranes.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Bacteriocin biophysics: From protein-protein interaction models to navigators of the bacterial cell envelope.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- Ancestral neuronal receptors are bacterial accessory toxins.Nature communications · 2026Article
- A toxic effector of T7SS facilitates bacterial competition and virulence through membrane damage in Streptococcus suis.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- Advances in understanding Ton and Tol system motor proteins.Biochemical Society transactions · 2026Review
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25 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
All bacteria must compete for growth niches and other limited environmental resources. These existential battles are waged at several levels, but one common strategy entails the transfer of growth-inhibitory protein toxins between competing cells. These antibacterial effectors are invariably encoded with immunity proteins that protect cells from intoxication by neighboring siblings. Several effector classes have been described, each designed to breach the cell envelope of target bacteria. Although effector architectures and export pathways tend to be clade specific, phylogenetically distant species often deploy closely related toxin domains. Thus, diverse competition systems are linked through a common reservoir of toxin-immunity pairs that is shared via horizontal gene transfer. These toxin-immunity protein pairs are extraordinarily diverse in sequence, and this polymorphism underpins an important mechanism of self/nonself discrimination in bacteria. This review focuses on the structures, functions, and delivery mechanisms of polymorphic toxin effectors that mediate bacterial competition.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.