ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2020
The Role of the Bacterial Muramyl Dipeptide in the Regulation of GLP-1 and Glycemia.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Effect of probiotics on glycemic control and lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double blind, controlled trial.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Trial
- Review
- Pediatric health: mechanistic insights into inflammatory diseases and emerging therapeutic pathway-targeted approaches.Translational pediatrics · 2026Review
- Therapeutic potential of modulating endogenous PYY expression for controlling overweight and obesity: a narrative review.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Harnessing postbiotics for liver health: Emerging perspectives.World journal of gastrointestinal pharmacology and therapeutics · 2025Review
- A Novel Role of Neutrophil Elastase in Podocyte Dysfunction Induced by High Glucose, PMA, and MDP.Journal of cellular physiology · 2025Article
- Incorporating Postbiotics into Intervention for Managing Obesity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Obesity and the gut microbiota: implications of neuroendocrine and immune signaling.The FEBS journal · 2025Review
- GLP-1/GLP-1R axis: from metabolism (obesity and T2DM) to immunity.Open biology · 2025Review
- Postbiotics as Metabolites and Their Biotherapeutic Potential.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- The Mechanism of the Gut-Brain Axis in Regulating Food Intake.Nutrients · 2023Review
- NOD-like Receptors-Emerging Links to Obesity and Associated Morbidities.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Activation of TLRs Triggers GLP-1 Secretion in Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- The Microbiota and the Gut-Brain Axis in Controlling Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The host's intestinal microbiota contributes to endocrine and metabolic responses, but a dysbiosis in this environment can lead to obesity and insulin resistance. Recent work has demonstrated a role for microbial metabolites in the regulation of gut hormones, including the metabolic hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is a bacterial cell wall component which has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in diet-induced obese mice by acting through the nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) receptor. The purpose of this study was to understand the effects of MDP on GLP-1 secretion and glucose regulation. We hypothesized that MDP enhances glucose tolerance by inducing intestinal GLP-1 secretion through NOD2 activation. First, we observed a significant increase in GLP-1 secretion when murine and human L-cells were treated with a fatty acid MDP derivative (L18-MDP). Importantly, we demonstrated the expression of the NOD2 receptor in mouse intestine and in L-cells. In mice, two intraperitoneal injections of MDP (5 mg/kg body weight) caused a significant increase in fasting total GLP-1 in chow-fed mice, however this did not lead to an improvement in oral glucose tolerance. When mice were exposed to a high-fat diet, they eventually lost this MDP-induced GLP-1 release. Finally, we demonstrated in L-cells that hyperglycemic conditions reduce the mRNA expression of NOD2 and GLP-1. Together these findings suggest MDP may play a role in enhancing GLP-1 during normal glycemic conditions but loses its ability to do so in hyperglycemia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.