ReviewPublic health nutrition2021
A cross-sectional study using the Childhood Measurement Programme for Wales to examine population-level risk factors associated with childhood obesity.
Review in Public health nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Food Environment and Childhood Overweight/Obesity: A Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Pooled it
- Environmental phenotypes for healthy weight in children using population-based linked environment and health data: a cross-sectional observational study.Health & place · 2026Observational
- Child Health Service Nurses' Experiences of Providing Support to Parents With Overweight During Clinical Encounters About Their Child's Overweight-a Qualitative Study.Child: care, health and development · 2026Article
- Metabolic dysfunction over a life course key to healthy ageing inequality.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2025Review
- Built environment and childhood obesity.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2024Review
- Greenspaces and Health: Scoping Review of studies in Europe.Public health reviews · 2024Article
- What causes obesity in children and adolescents?Jornal de pediatriaReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the association between childhood obesity and modifiable population-level risk factors, after accounting for deprivation.
designA review of the literature identified population-level risk factors including a healthy childcare setting, the local food environment, accessible open space, community safety and crime. Data for these risk factors were then identified and matched by each of the twenty-two local government areas in Wales to each child that had data on height and weight in the Wales Childhood Measurement Programme (CMP) (2012-2017). Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify associations with childhood obesity.
settingThe current study was undertaken in Wales, UK, where approximately one in eight 4-5-year-olds are classified as obese.
participantsAll participants were children aged 4 or 5 years who attend school, measured as part of the CMP, between 2012 and 2017 (n 129 893, mean age 5·0 (sd 0·4) years).
resultsAfter adjusting for deprivation, small but statistically significant associations were found between childhood obesity and percentage of land available as accessible open space OR 0·981 (95 % CI: 0·973, 0·989) P < 0·001) and density of fast food outlets OR 1·002 (95 % CI 1·001, 1·004, P = 0·001). No other population-level risk factors were associated with childhood obesity.
conclusionsThe current study indicates that, even after accounting for deprivation, risk factors such as the density of fast food outlets and access to green space should be considered when tackling childhood obesity as a public health issue.
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