ArticleFrontiers in immunology2020
Cytokine Storm in COVID-19-Immunopathological Mechanisms, Clinical Considerations, and Therapeutic Approaches: The REPROGRAM Consortium Position Paper.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 296 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Complications Post COVID-19 - Observational Study in Children and Adults
Association of the Severity of the Clinical Picture of COVID-19 and Psychiatric Morbidity
Who cites it
296 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 515 citations in OpenAlex.
- Catalase: A Potential Pharmacologic Target for Hydrogen Peroxide in the Treatment of COVID-19.Current topics in medicinal chemistry · 2024Pooled it
- Promises and Pitfalls of Calcineurin Inhibitors in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Controlled Trials.Current medicinal chemistry · 2024Pooled it
- Prognostic capacity of hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign in anterior circulation acute ischaemic stroke patients receiving reperfusion therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2022Pooled it
- Effectiveness of Curcumin on Outcomes of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials.Nutrients · 2022Pooled it
- Clinical efficacy and safety of Janus kinase inhibitors for COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.International immunopharmacology · 2021Pooled it
- World's First Experience of the Low-Dose Radionuclide Inhalation Therapy in the Treatment of COVID-19-Associated Viral Pneumonia: Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial.Current radiopharmaceuticals · 2023Trial
- Efficacy of Nanocurcumin as an Add-On Treatment for Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19: A Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial.International journal of clinical practice · 2023Trial
- Surface proteome of plasma extracellular vesicles differentiates between SARS-CoV-2 and influenza infection.Virulence · 2026Article
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- Mechanistic Interplay Between Multiple Myeloma and Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Therapeutic Promise of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles.Biomedicines · 2026Review
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- Organoid modeling of lung-resident immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection.Research square · 2026Article
- Prevalence of and risk factors for post-coronavirus disease 2019 symptoms after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in healthcare workers: A multicenter cross-sectional study in China.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
- Helminth Antigens Modulate Virus-Induced Activation of CD154 (CD40L) Expression on T Cells inPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Immunomodulatory strategies for managing cytokine storms in chronic COVID: mechanisms, therapeutic targets, and clinical advances.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Review
- Immunological and Inflammatory Characteristics of Severe Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions: A Retrospective Study.International journal of general medicine · 2026Article
- Skeletal muscle methylome-transcriptome disruptions during the onset and progression of colorectal cancer-induced cachexia.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2026Article
- Admission D-Dimer-to-Albumin Ratio as a Predictor of Poor Prognosis in Patients with Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Article
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- Recent advances in infections as risk factors for lymphoma: a review of the effects of viral, bacterial, and fungal infections in lymphoma.Archives of microbiology · 2025Review
236 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 9 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Cytokine storm is an acute hyperinflammatory response that may be responsible for critical illness in many conditions including viral infections, cancer, sepsis, and multi-organ failure. The phenomenon has been implicated in critically ill patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus implicated in COVID-19. Critically ill COVID-19 patients experiencing cytokine storm are believed to have a worse prognosis and increased fatality rate. In SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, cytokine storm appears important to the pathogenesis of several severe manifestations of COVID-19: acute respiratory distress syndrome, thromboembolic diseases such as acute ischemic strokes caused by large vessel occlusion and myocardial infarction, encephalitis, acute kidney injury, and vasculitis (Kawasaki-like syndrome in children and renal vasculitis in adult). Understanding the pathogenesis of cytokine storm will help unravel not only risk factors for the condition but also therapeutic strategies to modulate the immune response and deliver improved outcomes in COVID-19 patients at high risk for severe disease. In this article, we present an overview of the cytokine storm and its implications in COVID-19 settings and identify potential pathways or biomarkers that could be targeted for therapy. Leveraging expert opinion, emerging evidence, and a case-based approach, this position paper provides critical insights on cytokine storm from both a prognostic and therapeutic standpoint.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.