SynthesisThe Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy2020
Pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral and tuberculosis drugs in children with HIV/TB co-infection: a systematic review.
Synthesis in The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global estimates and determinants of antituberculosis drug pharmacokinetics in children and adolescents: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis.The European respiratory journal · 2023Pooled it
- Tuberculosis preventive therapy for people living with HIV: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.PLoS medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Pharmacokinetics of abacavir and lamivudine in infants living with HIV with and without rifampicin co-treatment.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2026Trial
- Pharmacokinetics and safety of dolutegravir in children receiving rifampicin tuberculosis treatment in South Africa (ORCHID): a prospective cohort study.The lancet. HIV · 2025Trial
- Twice-Daily Dosing of Dolutegravir in Infants on Rifampicin Treatment: A Pharmacokinetic Substudy of the EMPIRICAL Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Trial
- Dolutegravir twice-daily dosing in children with HIV-associated tuberculosis: a pharmacokinetic and safety study within the open-label, multicentre, randomised, non-inferiority ODYSSEY trial.The lancet. HIV · 2022Trial
- Exploring the impact of nutrition and autophagy on infectious diseases to inform the development of homeostatic-nanomedicines for HIV-TB coinfections.Discover nano · 2026Review
- Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of valganciclovir in infants with severe HIV-associated pneumonia in Africa: a sub-study of the EMPIRICAL randomised controlled trial.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Next-Generation HIV-1 Therapeutics in Co-Endemic Settings.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Tuberculosis disease among people with HIV: therapeutic advances.The lancet. HIV · 2025Review
- Treating HIV-associated tuberculosis in children without compromise.The lancet. HIV · 2025Article
- Pharmacokinetic Analysis of an Isoniazid Suspension Among Spanish Children Under 6 Years of Age.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Effect of HIV infection on plasma exposure to first-line TB drugs and target attainment in children.The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease · 2023Article
- First-Line Antituberculosis Drug Concentrations in Infants With HIV and a History of Recent Admission With Severe Pneumonia.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2023Article
- A Comprehensive Overview of the Antibiotics Approved in the Last Two Decades: Retrospects and Prospects.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Adequacy of the 10 mg/kg Daily Dose of Antituberculosis Drug Isoniazid in Infants under 6 Months of Age.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Pharmacokinetics of First-Line Drugs in Children With Tuberculosis, Using World Health Organization-Recommended Weight Band Doses and Formulations.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Article
- Dexamethasone is a dose-dependent perpetrator of drug-drug interactions: implications for use in people living with HIV.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2022Article
- No implication of HIV coinfection on the plasma exposure to rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol in tuberculosis patients.Clinical and translational science · 2022Article
- Use of integrase inhibitors in HIV-associated tuberculosis in high-burden settings: implementation challenges and research gaps.The lancet. HIV · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 6 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introductionManagement of concomitant use of ART and TB drugs is difficult because of the many drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between the medications. This systematic review provides an overview of the current state of knowledge about the pharmacokinetics (PK) of ART and TB treatment in children with HIV/TB co-infection, and identifies knowledge gaps.
methodsWe searched Embase and PubMed, and systematically searched abstract books of relevant conferences, following PRISMA guidelines. Studies not reporting PK parameters, investigating medicines that are not available any longer or not including children with HIV/TB co-infection were excluded. All studies were assessed for quality.
resultsIn total, 47 studies met the inclusion criteria. No dose adjustments are necessary for efavirenz during concomitant first-line TB treatment use, but intersubject PK variability was high, especially in children <3 years of age. Super-boosted lopinavir/ritonavir (ratio 1:1) resulted in adequate lopinavir trough concentrations during rifampicin co-administration. Double-dosed raltegravir can be given with rifampicin in children >4 weeks old as well as twice-daily dolutegravir (instead of once daily) in children older than 6 years. Exposure to some TB drugs (ethambutol and rifampicin) was reduced in the setting of HIV infection, regardless of ART use. Only limited PK data of second-line TB drugs with ART in children who are HIV infected have been published.
conclusionsWhereas integrase inhibitors seem favourable in older children, there are limited options for ART in young children (<3 years) receiving rifampicin-based TB therapy. The PK of TB drugs in HIV-infected children warrants further research.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.