ArticleFrontiers in neurology2020
Considerations for Studying Sex as a Biological Variable in Spinal Cord Injury.
Article in Frontiers in neurology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 66 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The role of short-chain fatty acids in spinal cord injury: A systematic review of human and animal evidence.The journal of spinal cord medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Proteomics reveal PTEN as a critical mediator of sustained mitochondrial dysfunction during chronic spinal cord injury.Experimental neurology · 2026Article
- Early urodynamic profiles predict lower urinary tract recovery after spinal cord injury in female rats.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Photobiomodulation therapy and polyethylene glycol as monotherapy versus combination treatment in male and female rats following spinal cord injury.Lasers in medical science · 2026Article
- Article
- Titer- and Intervention Timing-Dependent Functional Effects of AAV9-NeuroD1 Gene Therapy on Spinal Cord Injury.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Sex-specific adaptive immune responses in spinal cord injury: Observations across species.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Validating the ADFSCI hypotension symptom domain as a scalable patient reported outcome measure in spinal cord injury.NPJ digital medicine · 2026Article
- The Burden of Concomitant Spinal Injury in the Setting of Traumatic Brain Injury that Required Admission to ICU-Lessons from a Tertiary Neurosurgery Center.Neurocritical care · 2026Article
- DLK inhibition has sex-specific effects on neuroprotection and locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury.Experimental neurology · 2026Article
- Systemic delivery of drug-free polymeric nanoparticles reprograms innate immunity in a sex-dependent manner after spinal cord injury.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Sex differences in patient mortality after traumatic spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Brain & spine · 2026Review
- Complete High Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury Causes Bowel Dysfunction in Mice.Journal of neurotrauma · 2025Article
- Sex-dependent effects of peptidylarginine deiminases on neutrophil function and long-term outcomes after spinal cord injury.Experimental neurology · 2025Article
- Interplay of axon regeneration genes and immune infiltration in spinal cord injury.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- [Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine · 2025Article
- Translational Pitfalls in SCI Bladder Research: The Hidden Role of Urinary Drainage Techniques in the Rat Model.Biology · 2025Article
- Molecular pathology of acute spinal cord injury in middle-aged mice.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Mapping sex and gender in the landscape of spinal cord injury research: a bibliometric analysis and research framework.Spinal cord · 2025Article
- Redefining macrophage phenotypes after spinal cord injury: An open data approach.Experimental neurology · 2025Article
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In response to NIH initiatives to investigate sex as a biological variable in preclinical animal studies, researchers have increased their focus on male and female differences in neurotrauma. Inclusion of both sexes when modeling neurotrauma is leading to the identification of novel areas for therapeutic and scientific exploitation. Here, we review the organizational and activational effects of sex hormones on recovery from injury and how these changes impact the long-term health of spinal cord injury (SCI) patients. When determining how sex affects SCI it remains imperative to expand outcomes beyond locomotor recovery and consider other complications plaguing the quality of life of patients with SCI. Interestingly, the SCI field predominately utilizes female rodents for basic science research which contrasts most other male-biased research fields. We discuss the unique caveats this creates to the translatability of preclinical research in the SCI field. We also review current clinical and preclinical data examining sex as biological variable in SCI. Further, we report how technical considerations such as housing, size, care management, and age, confound the interpretation of sex-specific effects in animal studies of SCI. We have uncovered novel findings regarding how age differentially affects mortality and injury-induced anemia in males and females after SCI, and further identified estrus cycle dysfunction in mice after injury. Emerging concepts underlying sexually dimorphic responses to therapy are also discussed. Through a combination of literature review and primary research observations we present a practical guide for considering and incorporating sex as biological variable in preclinical neurotrauma studies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.