SynthesisJournal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN2021
Modifiable Lifestyle Factors for Primary Prevention of CKD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 179 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
179 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 304 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dietary intake of total, animal, and plant proteins and risk of chronic kidney disease: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.BMC nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- The effects of soy protein and soy isoflavones intake on chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International urology and nephrology · 2025Pooled it
- Protein intake and risk of urolithiasis and kidney diseases: an umbrella review of systematic reviews for the evidence-based guideline of the German Nutrition Society.European journal of nutrition · 2023Pooled it
- Childhood modifiable risk factors and later life chronic kidney disease: a systematic review.BMC nephrology · 2023Pooled it
- Relationship between modifiable lifestyle factors and chronic kidney disease: a bibliometric analysis of top-cited publications from 2011 to 2020.BMC nephrology · 2022Pooled it
- The association between hypertriglyceridemic-waist phenotype and chronic kidney disease: a cohort study and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- The effect of regular aerobic exercise on renal function in patients with CKD: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Pooled it
- Effect of an intensive lifestyle intervention on cystatin C-based kidney function in adults with overweight and obesity: From the PREDIMED-Plus trial.Journal of internal medicine · 2025Trial
- Association of CBC‑derived inflammation indices with prevalent CKD: a cross‑sectional analysis of a Chinese data set and NHANES.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- Higher habitual protein intake is not linked to decline of iohexol-measured GFR in adults ≥40 years.Clinical kidney journal · 2026Article
- Combined effects of diet and genetic predisposition on kidney function outcomes.Clinical kidney journal · 2026Article
- E-cigarette vaping is associated with pro-fibrotic gene expression in kidney and liver tissues.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Article
- Dose-Response Effects of Different Exercise Modalities on Blood Pressure Control in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Article
- Associations between maternal adverse childhood experiences and children's physical health conditions: A longitudinal study.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- [Treatment principles and long-term management of glomerulonephritides].Innere Medizin (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Occupational heat exposure and chronic kidney disease risk under climate warming: a retrospective cohort study of petrochemical workers with mechanistic insights.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2026Article
- DASH diet, Reduced Rank Regression Dietary Patterns and relations with kidney function in the CHRIS general population study.BMC nephrology · 2026Article
- Long Non-Coding RNAs and Micro RNAs in Chronic Kidney Disease: Recent Advances and Future Directions-A 5-Year Systematic Review.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Dietary patterns and risk of incident chronic kidney disease: a prospective cohort study.European journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
119 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDespite increasing incidence of CKD, no evidence-based lifestyle recommendations for CKD primary prevention apparently exist.
methodsTo evaluate the consistency of evidence associating modifiable lifestyle factors and CKD incidence, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and references from eligible studies from database inception through June 2019. We included cohort studies of adults without CKD at baseline that reported lifestyle exposures (diet, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and tobacco smoking). The primary outcome was incident CKD (eGFR<60 ml/min per 1.73 m
resultsWe identified 104 studies of 2,755,719 participants with generally a low risk of bias. Higher dietary potassium intake associated with significantly decreased odds of CKD (odds ratio [OR], 0.78; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.65 to 0.94), as did higher vegetable intake (OR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.70 to 0.90); higher salt intake associated with significantly increased odds of CKD (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.38). Being physically active versus sedentary associated with lower odds of CKD (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.69 to 0.98). Current and former smokers had significantly increased odds of CKD compared with never smokers (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.27). Compared with no consumption, moderate consumption of alcohol associated with reduced risk of CKD (relative risk, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.79 to 0.93). These associations were consistent, but evidence was predominantly of low to very low certainty. Results for secondary outcomes were consistent with the primary finding.
conclusionsThese findings identify modifiable lifestyle factors that consistently predict the incidence of CKD in the community and may inform both public health recommendations and clinical practice.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.