ReviewJournal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism2020
Regulation of blood-brain barrier integrity by microglia in health and disease: A therapeutic opportunity.
Review in Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 230 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
230 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A systematic review of the research progress of non-coding RNA in neuroinflammation and immune regulation in cerebral infarction/ischemia-reperfusion injury.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Predicting the Beneficial Effects of Cognitive Stimulation and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment with Clinical, Inflammation, and Human Microglia Exposed to Serum as Potential Markers: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Trial
- The Impact of Antigen Presentation on BBB Disruption and Neuroinflammation.Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Review
- The sleep-deprived blood-brain barrier: Does the Brain's gatekeeper adapt or merely fail slowly?Neurobiology of sleep and circadian rhythms · 2026Review
- Role of the Blood-Brain Barrier in the Pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, and Schizophrenia: A Comparative Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Construction and Applicability Scenarios of 3D Neurovascular Unit Models In Vitro.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Microglia heterogeneity in vascular dementia pathology.iScience · 2026Review
- Mechanisms of Acupuncture on the Neurovascular Unit in Migraine: A Narrative Review.European journal of neurology · 2026Review
- Mechanism-First Psychobiotics: Fermented Vegetables, Dairy, and Soy for Depression and Anxiety.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Eerdun Wurile, a Mongolian medicine, alleviates neuronal damage and improves neurological dysfunction after cerebral hemorrhage by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.Chinese medicine · 2026Article
- Roles of Microglia in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Review
- TMEM119+ microglia MHC class I restricted antigen presentation impacts CD8 T cell memory, effector status, and blood-brain barrier disruption during neurotropic virus infection.Research square · 2026Article
- Research Advances in the Pathogenesis of Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- A Age Related Vascular Senescence: Mystery of Blood-brain Barrier Dysfunction in Neurodegeneration.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Age-dependent peripheral dissemination of α-synuclein seeds: mechanistic basis for blood-based early detection of Parkinson's disease.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2026Article
- Strategies for blood-brain barrier rejuvenation and repair.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2026Review
- Association Between Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Parkinson's Disease.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Cerebrovascular claudin-5 isoform expression correlates with worsened stroke outcomes following thromboembolic stroke.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2026Article
- Nitric Oxide-S-Nitrosylation and Its Role in Neuroinflammation Associated with Neuropsychiatric Conditions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Bindarit attenuates brain injury and neuroinflammation in status epilepticus by disrupting C3/C3aR signaling and modulating microglia-astrocyte interactions.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
170 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical regulator of CNS homeostasis. It possesses physical and biochemical characteristics (i.e. tight junction protein complexes, transporters) that are necessary for the BBB to perform this physiological role. Microvascular endothelial cells require support from astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, neurons, and constituents of the extracellular matrix. This intricate relationship implies the existence of a neurovascular unit (NVU). NVU cellular components can be activated in disease and contribute to dynamic remodeling of the BBB. This is especially true of microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, which polarize into distinct proinflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes. Current data indicate that M1 pro-inflammatory microglia contribute to BBB dysfunction and vascular "leak", while M2 anti-inflammatory microglia play a protective role at the BBB. Understanding biological mechanisms involved in microglia activation provides a unique opportunity to develop novel treatment approaches for neurological diseases. In this review, we highlight characteristics of M1 proinflammatory and M2 anti-inflammatory microglia and describe how these distinct phenotypes modulate BBB physiology. Additionally, we outline the role of other NVU cell types in regulating microglial activation and highlight how microglia can be targeted for treatment of disease with a focus on ischemic stroke and Alzheimer's disease.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.