ReviewToxins2020
Gut-Derived Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins.
Review in Toxins, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 123 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus attenuates uremic toxins in patients with nondialysis chronic kidney disease through the anti-inflammatory molecules.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Article
- Mechanisms of Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Treating Hyperuricemia: Natural Products as Interventions.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Simultaneous quantification of total and free protein-bound uremic toxins in serum by LC-MS/MS: method development, validation, and clinical application in hemodialysis patients.BMC chemistry · 2026Article
- The Role of the Gut Microbiota and Uraemic Toxins in Vaccine Responsiveness Among People Receiving Maintenance Haemodialysis.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Evaluation of the effect of Renaltec in cats with IRIS stage 2 and 3 chronic kidney disease.Journal of feline medicine and surgery · 2026Article
- Role of the ABCG2 transporter in the biodistribution of the food-borne uremic toxin p-cresyl sulfate.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Simiao Decoction alleviates hyperuricemia-induced renal injury through regulating gut dysbiosis and decreasing gut-derived uremic toxins.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota-liver-kidney axis in diabetic kidney disease: mechanistic insights into amino acid metabolism and nutritional intervention strategies targeting natural bioactive compounds.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- The gut-kidney axis in chronic kidney disease: a vicious cycle of microbial dysbiosis and uremic toxin accumulation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The Inflammatory Milieu Exacerbates Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease: From the Gut-Kidney Axis to Bone Marrow Hematopoiesis Inhibition.Kidney & blood pressure research · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota and the kidney-gut-skin axis in chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- The gut microbiota-NLRP3 inflammasome connection: current evidence and perspectives for non-communicable diseases.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2025Review
- Metabolomics reveals alterations in gut-derived uremic toxins and tryptophan metabolism in feline chronic kidney disease.The veterinary quarterly · 2025Article
- SGLT2 Inhibitors Confer Cardiovascular Protection via the Gut-Kidney-Heart Axis: Mechanisms and Translational Perspectives.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2025Review
- Bacterial metabolism of tryptophan causes toxicity inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Furosemide and the Symptom Burden: The Potential Mediating Role of Uremic Toxins in Patients with CKD.Toxins · 2025Article
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) afflicts more than 500 million people worldwide and is one of the fastest growing global causes of mortality. When glomerular filtration rate begins to fall, uremic toxins accumulate in the serum and significantly increase the risk of death from cardiovascular disease and other causes. Several of the most harmful uremic toxins are produced by the gut microbiota. Furthermore, many such toxins are protein-bound and are therefore recalcitrant to removal by dialysis. We review the derivation and pathological mechanisms of gut-derived, protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs). We further outline the emerging relationship between kidney disease and gut dysbiosis, including the bacterial taxa altered, the regulation of microbial uremic toxin-producing genes, and their downstream physiological and neurological consequences. Finally, we discuss gut-targeted therapeutic strategies employed to reduce PBUTs. We conclude that targeting the gut microbiota is a promising approach for the treatment of CKD by blocking the serum accumulation of PBUTs that cannot be eliminated by dialysis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.