Trial reportJournal of public health (Oxford, England)2021
Rural-urban differences in body mass index and obesity-related behaviors among low-income preschoolers.
Trial report in Journal of public health (Oxford, England), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 2 to 4 years old.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Socioeconomic and Structural Barriers to Addressing Obesity in Communities: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2026Review
- Socio-spatial differences in overweight and obesity among preschoolers: An overview using data from the school entry examination.Journal of health monitoring · 2026Article
- Parental depressive symptoms link family income to preschool child mental health in Western China.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Geographic and ethnic inequalities in total and central obesity, and physical fitness among preschool children: Insights from the PREFIT project.Pediatric obesity · 2025Article
- Weight status of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: A cross-sectional analysis of primary care electronic medical records and linked health administrative datasets in Ontario, Canada.Pediatric obesity · 2025Article
- Prevalence and influencing factors of obesity in preschool children in Suzhou, China.Anales del sistema sanitario de Navarra · 2025Article
- 2025 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2025Review
- Prevalence and Predictors of Overweight and Obesity Among School-Aged Children in the Country of Georgia: A Cross-Sectional Study, 2022.BMC nutrition · 2025Article
- Article
- 2024 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2024Review
- Article
- Social Determinants of Cancer Disparities.Annals of surgical oncology · 2023Review
- See Me, Hear Me, Know Me: Perspectives on Diet and Physical Activity Influences among Teens Living in Rural Texas Communities.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Assessment of Diet Quality in Children and Adolescents with Overweight or Obesity in Greece.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Correlates of screen time in the early years (0-5 years): A systematic review.Preventive medicine reports · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWith one in eight preschoolers classified as obese in the USA, childhood obesity remains a significant public health issue. This study examined rural-urban differences in low-income preschoolers' body mass index z-scores (BMIz), eating behaviors, dietary quality, physical activity (PA) and screen time.
methodsPre-intervention data from 572 preschooler-parent dyads participating in a randomized, controlled obesity prevention trial in the Midwest USA were analyzed. We examined the associations among living in rural versus urban areas, child BMIz and child obesity-related behaviors, including eating behaviors, dietary quality, PA and screen time.
resultsRural children had higher BMIz, more emotional overeating behaviors and more time spent playing outdoors compared with urban children. We found no associations between children living in rural versus urban areas and dietary quality and screen time.
conclusionsThe study found that rural-urban differences in BMIz may start as early as 3-4 years of age, if not earlier. To reverse the weight-related health disparities between rural and urban low-income preschoolers, structural changes in rural locations and family supports around coping skills may be needed.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.