ReviewViruses2020
Immune Checkpoints in Viral Infections.
Review in Viruses, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of immune checkpoint inhibitors with SARS-CoV-2 infection rate and prognosis in patients with solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Immune checkpoint molecules beyond PD-1 and CTLA-4: emerging targets in autoimmune diseases and cancer immunotherapy.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2026Review
- Dynamics of immune-checkpoint regulators and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines associated with preterm birth before and after cervical cerclage.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Immunopathological features of highly pathogenic Korean Lineage B PRRSV-2: insights into virulence indicators and host immune responses.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- The role of inhibitory immune checkpoint receptors in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Review
- Enhanced Anti-Tumor Response Elicited by a Novel Oncolytic Pseudorabies Virus Engineered with a PD-L1 Inhibitor.Viruses · 2024Article
- Article
- Serum Concentrations of TIM-3, LAG-3, and PD-1 in Patients with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Distinct soluble immune checkpoint profiles characterize COVID-19 severity, mortality and SARS-CoV-2 variant infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Predicting survival in patients with SARS-CoV-2 based on cytokines and soluble immune checkpoint regulators.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Hydroxyproline metabolism enhances IFN-γ-induced PD-L1 expression and inhibits autophagic flux.Cell chemical biology · 2023Article
- Retroviral b-Zip protein (HBZ) contributes to the release of soluble and exosomal immune checkpoint molecules in the context of neuroinflammation.Journal of extracellular biology · 2023Article
- Article
- Modulating Immune Response in Viral Infection for Quantitative Forecasts of Drug Efficacy.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Immune checkpoints on T and NK cells in the context of HBV infection: Landscape, pathophysiology and therapeutic exploitation.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Immune-checkpoint proteins, cytokines, and microbiome impact on patients with cervical insufficiency and preterm birth.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 Axis Inhibition in Viral Infections: Clinical Data and Therapeutic Opportunities.Vaccines · 2022Review
- Article
- Immunometabolic analysis shows a distinct cyto-metabotype in Covid-19 compared to sepsis from other causes.Heliyon · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
As evidence has mounted that virus-infected cells, such as cancer cells, negatively regulate the function of T-cells via immune checkpoints, it has become increasingly clear that viral infections similarly exploit immune checkpoints as an immune system escape mechanism. Although immune checkpoint therapy has been successfully used in cancer treatment, numerous studies have suggested that such therapy may also be highly relevant for treating viral infection, especially chronic viral infections. However, it has not yet been applied in this manner. Here, we reviewed recent findings regarding immune checkpoints in viral infections, including COVID-19, and discussed the role of immune checkpoints in different viral infections, as well as the potential for applying immune checkpoint blockades as antiviral therapy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.