ArticleThe Clinical neuropsychologist2021
Demographically adjusted norms for the Trail Making Test in native Spanish speakers: Results from the neuropsychological norms for the US-Mexico border region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project.
Article in The Clinical neuropsychologist, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A Systematic Review of Available Normative Data on Neuropsychological Tests for Spanish Speakers in the U.S., Latin America and the Caribbean, and Spain.Neuropsychology review · 2026Pooled it
- The state of neuropsychological test norms for Spanish-speaking adults in the United States.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2021Pooled it
- Color Trails Test: regression-based norms for Russian-speakers.Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists · 2026Article
- Validity of the Loewenstein-Acevedo Scales of Semantic Interference and Learning (LASSI-L) for Mexican Subjects with Mild and Moderate Cognitive Impairments.Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of inflammation and immune activation associated with neurocognitive impairment among US Latinos with HIV.AIDS (London, England) · 2025Article
- Body composition is related to cognitive function among young adults in Ghana.BMC psychology · 2024Article
- Regression-based Chinese norms of number connection test A and digit symbol test for diagnosing minimal hepatic encephalopathy.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Regression-Based Normative Data for Independent and Cognitively Active Spanish Older Adults: Digit Span, Letters and Numbers, Trail Making Test and Symbol Digit Modalities Test.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Demographically-adjusted norms for selected tests of verbal fluency: Results from the Neuropsychological Norms for the US-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2021Article
- Neurocognitive impairment in Spanish-speaking Latinos living with HIV in the US: Application of the neuropsychological norms for the US-Mexico border region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS).The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2021Article
- Updated demographically adjusted norms for the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-revised and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-revised in Spanish-speakers from the U.S.-Mexico border region: The NP-NUMBRS project.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2021Article
- The Neuropsychological Norms for the U.S.-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) Project: Overview and considerations for life span research and evidence-based practice.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2021Article
- Demographically adjusted normative data for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64 item: Results from the Neuropsychological Norms for the U.S.-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2021Article
- Demographically-adjusted norms for the WAIS-R Block Design and Arithmetic subtests: Results from the Neuropsychological Norms for the US-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2021Article
- Demographically-adjusted norms for the paced auditory serial addition test and letter number sequencing test in Spanish-speaking adults: Results from the neuropsychological norms for the U.S.-Mexico border region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) Project.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2021Article
- Demographically-adjusted norms for the Grooved Pegboard and Finger Tapping tests in Spanish-speaking adults: Results from the Neuropsychological Norms for the U.S.-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) Project.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2021Article
- Introduction to the Neuropsychological Norms for the US-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) Project.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2021Article
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9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveDespite the wide use of the Trail Making Test (TMT), there is a lack of normative data for Spanish speakers living in the USA. Here we describe the development of regional norms for the TMT for native Spanish speakers residing in the Southwest Mexico-Border Region of the USA.
methodParticipants were 252 healthy native Spanish speakers, 58% women, from ages 19 to 60, and ranging in education from 0 to 20 years, recruited in San Diego, CA and Tucson, AZ. All completed the TMT in Spanish along with a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery as part of their participation in the Neuropsychological Norms for the US-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project. Univariable and interactive effects of demographics on test performance were examined. T-scores were calculated using fractional polynomial equations to account for linear and any non-linear effects of age, education, and sex.
resultsOlder age and lower education were associated with worse scores on both TMT A and B. No sex differences were found. The newly derived T-scores showed no association with demographic variables and displayed the expected 16% rates of impairment using a -1
conclusionsPopulation-specific, demographically adjusted regional norms improve the utility and diagnostic accuracy of the TMT for use with native Spanish speakers in the US-Mexico Border region.
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