ArticleThe British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners2020
Uncoded chronic kidney disease in primary care: a cross-sectional study of inequalities and cardiovascular disease risk management.
Article in The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Quality of care for people with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2025Pooled it
- Ethnic inequalities in multiple long-term health conditions in the United Kingdom: a systematic review and narrative synthesis.BMC public health · 2023Pooled it
- Evaluation of a Chronic Kidney Disease e-Phenotype: Identification and Characterisation by Electronic Health Record Data.Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.) · 2026Article
- Educational Interventions on Chronic Kidney Disease for Care Home Staff: An Empty Scoping Review.Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy) · 2026Review
- The association between coding for chronic kidney disease and kidney replacement therapy incidence at CCG-level in England: an ecological study.BJGP open · 2025Article
- Evaluating a pharmacist-led cardio-renal-metabolic service to reduce healthcare inequities in a socioeconomically deprived population: a prospective intervention study.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2025Article
- Coded and uncoded chronic kidney disease: an explainer.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2025Article
- Identifying and Characterising a Chronic Kidney Disease Electronic-Phenotype Using Electronic Health Record-Derived Data: A Narrative Review of Strategies and Applications.Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.) · 2025Review
- Assessing patterns of chronic kidney disease care in Australian primary care: a retrospective cohort study of a national general practice dataset.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2025Article
- Chronic kidney disease management in primary care: challenges and possible developments.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2025Article
- Economic Evaluation of Population-Level Chronic Kidney Disease Interventions in the UK National Health Service.Journal of health economics and outcomes research · 2025Article
- Primary healthcare professionals' approach to clinical coding: a qualitative interview study in Wales.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2025Article
- Quantifying the impact of clinical coding in chronic kidney disease on risk of death and COVID-19 death.PloS one · 2025Article
- Article
- Prevalence of undetected chronic kidney disease in high-risk middle-aged patients in primary care: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Sex and gender differences in the management of chronic kidney disease and hypertension.Journal of human hypertension · 2023Review
- Care processes and outcomes of deprivation across the clinical course of kidney disease: findings from a high-income country with universal healthcare.Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association · 2023Article
- Article
- Inequalities in CKD management can be overcome.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2021Article
- Risk of COVID-19 in shielded and nursing care home patients: a cohort study in general practice.BJGP open · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundUncoded chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with poorer quality of care.
aimTo ascertain the proportion and determinants of CKD, which have not been formally recorded (Read coded), and identify differences in management and quality-of-care measures for patients with coded and uncoded CKD. DESIGN AND
settingCross-sectional survey undertaken in an ethnically diverse adult population using primary care electronic health records (EHRs) from GP clinics in Lambeth, South London, UK.
methodMultivariable logistic regression analysis examined the association of demographic factors, selected comorbidities, deprivation, and cardiovascular disease risk management in CKD, with coding status as outcome.
resultsIn total, the survey involved 286 162 adults, of whom 9325 (3.3%) were identified with CKD stage 3-5 (assigned as CKD based on estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] values). Of those identified with CKD, 4239 (45.5%) were Read coded, and 5086 (54.5%) were uncoded. Of those identified with CKD stage 3-5, individuals aged ≥50 years were more likely to be coded for CKD, compared with those aged <50 years. Lower levels of coding were independently associated with deprivation and black Caribbean, black African, South Asian, and non-stated ethnicities, compared with white ethnicity. Prescribed statin and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker medications were associated with increased odds of coded CKD.
conclusionThis study found that >50% of CKD was uncoded and, for those patients, quality of care was lower compared with those with coded CKD. Future research and practices should focus on areas of greater deprivation and targeted initiatives for those aged <50 years and of black African, black Caribbean, South Asian, or non-stated ethnic groups. Possible areas for improvement include diagnostic coding support, automated CKD recording, and clinical decision support (based on adjusted eGFR results) in the GP clinical records.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.