ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2020
Visualization of the HIV-1 Env glycan shield across scales.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 92 citations in OpenAlex.
- HIV-1 Env Heterogeneity: Cleavage, Trafficking, and Antigenic Consequences for Virions and Infected Cells.Viruses · 2026Review
- Antigen-boosted CD4CAR T cells fail to expand or control viremia in multiple nonhuman primate models of HIV.Blood · 2026Article
- Genotypic challenges in implementing broadly neutralizing antibody-based long-acting HIV-1 therapies.Communications medicine · 2026Review
- N-Glycans modulate tilting of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Decoding the glycan shield: Immune recognition and response to the HIV-1 envelope trimer.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Review
- Germline-somatic residue synergy reshapes antibody encounter-state pathways to enhance HIV-1 recognition.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Decoding epitope immunodominance in HIV Env using cryoEM and machine learning.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Heterologous immunization modulates B-cell epitope competition between helper peptides and the MPER segment in MPER/liposome vaccines.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Framework-mediated binding of foreign and self-glycans by IGHV4-34 antibodies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Comparing CD8+ T cell ENV epitopes of two HLA class I alleles associated with different outcomes of HIV-1 infection with broadly neutralizing antibodies epitope targets discovered to date.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Interdisciplinary Nanomaterials for Biomedical Imaging and Sensing Applications.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Structural and immunological characterization of the H3 influenza hemagglutinin during antigenic drift.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Bridging Viral Glycobiology and Lectin Biotechnology for Antiviral and Diagnostic Strategies.ACS bio & med chem Au · 2025Review
- Accelerated cGMP production of near-native HIV-1 Env trimers following electroporation transfection and immunogenicity analysis.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Immunofocusing on the conserved fusion peptide of HIV envelope glycoprotein in rhesus macaques.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Fusion of Complement Fragment C3d Enhances Germinal Center Responses to HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Immunofocusing on the conserved fusion peptide of HIV envelope glycoprotein in rhesus macaques.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Assessing bnAb potency in the context of HIV-1 envelope conformational plasticity.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Glycan masking in immunogen design: computational and experimental methods.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Impact of glycan depletion, glycan debranching and increased glycan charge on HIV-1 neutralization sensitivity and immunogenicity.Glycobiology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The dense array of N-linked glycans on the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env), known as the "glycan shield," is a key determinant of immunogenicity, yet intrinsic heterogeneity confounds typical structure-function analysis. Here, we present an integrated approach of single-particle electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM), computational modeling, and site-specific mass spectrometry (MS) to probe glycan shield structure and behavior at multiple levels. We found that dynamics lead to an extensive network of interglycan interactions that drive the formation of higher-order structure within the glycan shield. This structure defines diffuse boundaries between buried and exposed protein surface and creates a mapping of potentially immunogenic sites on Env. Analysis of Env expressed in different cell lines revealed how cryo-EM can detect subtle changes in glycan occupancy, composition, and dynamics that impact glycan shield structure and epitope accessibility. Importantly, this identified unforeseen changes in the glycan shield of Env obtained from expression in the same cell line used for vaccine production. Finally, by capturing the enzymatic deglycosylation of Env in a time-resolved manner, we found that highly connected glycan clusters are resistant to digestion and help stabilize the prefusion trimer, suggesting the glycan shield may function beyond immune evasion.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.