Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33142828›Full record

ReviewNutrients2020

Evidence Regarding Vitamin D and Risk of COVID-19 and Its Severity.

Joseph Mercola, William B Grant, Carol L Wagner

Registry-linked trialOpen access · goldAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Nutrients, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06402227 (Effectiveness of Board Game on Improving Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions of Infection Control for Senior Elementary School Students), which is not on this map. Cited by 155 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
155citing papers in PubMed, 11 pooled it
33.6field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT06402227 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2023, after this paper: background citation

Effectiveness of Board Game on Improving Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions of Infection Control for Senior Elementary School Students: a Randomized Controlled Trial

TypeinterventionalSponsorHU, HUEY-LANRan2023 to 2024Enrolled310ConditionsKnowledge of Infection Control, Attitude of Infection Control, Behavioral Intentions of Infection ControlArmsgamified instruction, conventional lesson lecture
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

155 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 278 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  3. Does vitamin D supplementation reduce COVID-19 severity?: a systematic review.QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians · 2022
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95 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Joseph MercolaOwner, Natural Health Partners, LLC, 125 SW 3rd Place, Cape Coral, FL 33991, USA.
William B GrantSunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center, P.O. Box 641603, San Francisco, CA 94164-1603, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1439-3285
Carol L WagnerDepartment of Pediatrics, Shawn Jenkins Children's Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, 10 McClennan Banks Drive, MSC 915, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2764-6533
HealthPartners · USMedical University of South Carolina · USSunlight Nutrition and Health Research Center · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Vitamin D deficiency co-exists in patients with COVID-19. At this time, dark skin color, increased age, the presence of pre-existing illnesses and vitamin D deficiency are features of severe COVID disease. Of these, only vitamin D deficiency is modifiable. Through its interactions with a multitude of cells, vitamin D may have several ways to reduce the risk of acute respiratory tract infections and COVID-19: reducing the survival and replication of viruses, reducing risk of inflammatory cytokine production, increasing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 concentrations, and maintaining endothelial integrity. Fourteen observational studies offer evidence that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are inversely correlated with the incidence or severity of COVID-19. The evidence to date generally satisfies Hill's criteria for causality in a biological system, namely, strength of association, consistency, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility (e.g., mechanisms), and coherence, although experimental verification is lacking. Thus, the evidence seems strong enough that people and physicians can use or recommend vitamin D supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19 in light of their safety and wide therapeutic window. In view of public health policy, however, results of large-scale vitamin D randomized controlled trials are required and are currently in progress.

Indexed as

BetacoronavirusSeverity of Illness IndexCoronavirus InfectionsCOVID-19Dietary SupplementsFemaleHumansMaleObservational Studies as TopicPandemicsPneumonia, ViralSARS-CoV-2Vitamin DVitamin D DeficiencyVitamins25-hydroxyvitamin DVitamin DVitamins25-hydroxyvitamin DcathelicidinCOVID-19endothelial dysfunctionIL-6immune systeminflammationMMP-9SARS-CoV-2vitamin D

Identifiers

PMID33142828
PMCPMC7692080
OpenAlexW3097648355

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.