ArticleMaternal & child nutrition2021
Associations of breastfeeding or formula feeding with infant anthropometry and body composition at 6 months.
Article in Maternal & child nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Supporting Adolescent Mothers to Make Infant Feeding Decisions: A Qualitative Evidence Synthesis.Maternal & child nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Protein and growth during the first year of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Pediatric research · 2023Pooled it
- Investigating the effect of breastfeeding counselling based on latch, position and Information-Motivation-Behavior model on maternal and neonatal indices: a clinical trial.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Trial
- Mixed Milk Feeding Patterns and Growth Outcomes During the First Year of Life in Asian Infants: Application of Predefined Feeding Clusters to Test Associations.Current developments in nutrition · 2025Article
- Adaptation of the Remote Food Photography Method to Assess Infant Intake During Bottle-Feeding of Ready-to-Feed Formula.Maternal & child nutrition · 2025Article
- Infant body composition at 6 and 24 months: what are the driving factors?European journal of clinical nutrition · 2024Article
- Body composition of infants at 6 months of age using a 3-compartment model.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2024Article
- Hematological abnormality and associated factors in newborns with hyperbilirubinemia before and after phototherapy at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Infant body composition: A comprehensive overview of assessment techniques, nutrition factors, and health outcomes.Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · 2023Review
- Breastfeeding duration is associated with higher adiposity at 6-8 months of age.Maternal & child nutrition · 2023Article
- Influence of Neonatal Sex on Breast Milk Protein and Antioxidant Content in Spanish Women in the First Month of Lactation.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Infant Young Child Feeding Practices in an Indian Maternal-Child Birth Cohort in Belagavi, Karnataka.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Bacterial Profile Modulate Infant Body Composition during Exclusive Breastfeeding.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Breastmilk Feeding during the First 4 to 6 Months of Age and Childhood Disease Burden until 10 Years of Age.Nutrients · 2021Article
- Maternal Dietary Intake of Total Fat, Saturated Fat, and Added Sugar Is Associated with Infant Adiposity and Weight Status at 6 mo of Age.The Journal of nutrition · 2021Observational
- Associations of breastfeeding or formula feeding with infant anthropometry and body composition at 6 months.Maternal & child nutrition · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the associations of mode of feeding with infant anthropometric and body composition variables at 6 months of age. We studied 259 infants whose exclusive mode of feeding (breast or formula) to 1 month was confirmed. Standard anthropometric characteristics of the infants (weight, length and weight-for-length z scores) were obtained, and body composition (total fat mass, fat-free mass, trunk fat mass and body fat percent) was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at 6 months (±12 days). General linear models were used to test the associations of mode of feeding with infant anthropometric and body composition variables at 6 months after adjustment for maternal and infant covariates. In this cohort of predominantly breastfed, White infants of highly educated mothers, fat-free mass was lower (P = .002), and trunk fat mass (P = .032) and body fat percent (P < .001) were greater in breastfed infants than in formula-fed infants at 6 months of age. After adjustment for covariates, total fat-free mass was significantly lower (β = -372 g, [SE = 125, P = .003]), and body fat percent was significantly greater (β = 3.30, [SE = 0.91, P < .001]) in breastfed infants than in formula-fed infants. No other significant associations were observed. These findings support those of previous studies reporting greater fat-free mass in formula-fed infants during the first 6 months of life. Additional research is warranted to explore whether differences in infant body composition by mode of feeding persist throughout the life course and to assess causality.
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Registered trials
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